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[[Image:Nf knots.png|frame|right|Some knots: 1. [[rope splicing|Splice]] 2. [[Manrope knot|Manrope knot]] 3. [[Granny knot|Granny knot]] 4. [[Rosebud stopper knot|Rosebud stopper knot]](?) 5. [[Matthew Walker knot|Matthew Walker knot]] 6. [[Shroud knot|Shroud knot]] 7. [[Turks head knot|Turks head knot]] 8. [[Overhand knot|Overhand knot]], [[Figure-of-eight knot|Figure-of-eight knot]] 9. [[Reef knot|Reef knot]] or [[Square knot|Square knot]] 10. [[Two half hitches|Two half hitches]] (see [[round turn and two half hitches|round turn and two half hitches]])]]
[[Image:Nf knots.png|frame|right|Some knots: 1. [[rope splicing|Splice]] 2. [[Manrope knot|Manrope knot]] 3. [[Granny knot|Granny knot]] 4. [[Rosebud stopper knot|Rosebud stopper knot]](?) 5. [[Matthew Walker knot|Matthew Walker knot]] 6. [[Shroud knot|Shroud knot]] 7. [[Turks head knot|Turks head knot]] 8. [[Overhand knot|Overhand knot]], [[Figure-of-eight knot|Figure-of-eight knot]] 9. [[Reef knot|Reef knot]] or [[Square knot|Square knot]] 10. [[Two half hitches|Two half hitches]] (see [[round turn and two half hitches|round turn and two half hitches]])]]


A '''knot''' is a method for fastening or securing linear material such as [[rope]] by tying or interweaving.  It may consist of a length of one or more segments of rope, string, [[webbing]], [[twine]], [[strap]] or even chain interwoven so as to create in the line the ability to bind to itself or to some other object - the "load".  Knots have been the subject of interest both for their ancient origins, common use, and the mathematical implications of
A '''knot''' is a method for fastening or securing linear material such as [[rope]] by tying or interweaving.  It may consist of a length of one or more segments of rope, string, webbing, [[twine]], strap or even chain interwoven so as to create in the line the ability to bind to itself or to some other object - the "load".  Knots have been the subject of interest both for their ancient origins, common use, and the mathematical implications of
[[knot theory|knot theory]].
[[knot theory|knot theory]].






==Usage==
== Usage ==


There is a large variety of knots and each knot has specific properties and suitability for a [[Knot#Categories|range of tasks]].  Some knots are well-adapted to attach to particular objects such as another rope, [[cleat]], ring, or stake.  Other knots are made to bind or constrict around an object.  Decorative knots usually bind to themselves to produce attractive patterns.  Choosing the correct knot for the job at hand is one of the most fundamental aspects of using knots well.
There is a large variety of knots and each knot has specific properties and suitability for a [[Knot#Categories|range of tasks]].  Some knots are well-adapted to attach to particular objects such as another rope, [[cleat]], ring, or stake.  Other knots are made to bind or constrict around an object.  Decorative knots usually bind to themselves to produce attractive patterns.  Choosing the correct knot for the job at hand is one of the most fundamental aspects of using knots well.


===Learning===
=== Learning ===


The number of books, websites, videos, and other resources available to those interested in learning about knots is a testament to the value they hold for humankind.  While some people possess an innate ability to look at a diagram or photo and tie the illustrated knot, for others the initial stages of learning are best accomplished by being shown knot tying methods by a person who already knows them.  Knot tying skills are often transmitted by [[sailor]]s, [[Scouting|scout]]s, [[climbing|climber]]s, [[caving|caver]]s, [[arborist]]s, [[Firefighter#Rescue|rescue professional]]s, [[fishermen]], and [[surgeons]]. After mastering a few basic knots, the diagrams and photos become easier to interpret and use to continue the learning process.  As more knots are learned, patterns begin to become evident in their structure and methods of tying.  The learning of knots rewards practice and patience.
The number of books, websites, videos, and other resources available to those interested in learning about knots is a testament to the value they hold for humankind.  While some people possess an innate ability to look at a diagram or photo and tie the illustrated knot, for others the initial stages of learning are best accomplished by being shown knot tying methods by a person who already knows them.  Knot tying skills are often transmitted by sailors, [[Scouting|scouts]], [[climbing|climbers]], [[caving|cavers]], arborists, [[Firefighter#Rescue|rescue professionals]], [[fishermen]], and [[surgeons]]. After mastering a few basic knots, the diagrams and photos become easier to interpret and use to continue the learning process.  As more knots are learned, patterns begin to become evident in their structure and methods of tying.  The learning of knots rewards practice and patience.


===Applications===
=== Applications ===


Knots are essential in many industrial, occupational, recreational, and domestic settings. Even simple activities such as running a load from the hardware store to home can result in disaster if a clumsy twist in a cord passes for a knot.  Truckers needing to tie down a load may use a [[trucker's hitch]], gaining [[mechanical advantage]]. Knots can save the [[spelunking|spelunker]] from foolishly becoming buried under millions of tons of rock. Whatever the activity, such as [[sailing]] on the water or [[climbing]] on a cliff-side rock, learning well-tested knots prior to some hazardous activity introduces a critical measure of safety. In addition to safety, appropriate knots can prevent the necessity of cutting lines.
Knots are essential in many industrial, occupational, recreational, and domestic settings. Even simple activities such as running a load from the hardware store to home can result in disaster if a clumsy twist in a cord passes for a knot.  Truckers needing to tie down a load may use a [[trucker's hitch]], gaining mechanical advantage. Knots can save the [[spelunking|spelunker]] from foolishly becoming buried under millions of tons of rock. Whatever the activity, such as [[sailing]] on the water or [[climbing]] on a cliff-side rock, learning well-tested knots prior to some hazardous activity introduces a critical measure of safety. In addition to safety, appropriate knots can prevent the necessity of cutting lines.


Knots can be applied in combination to produce complex objects such as [[lanyard]]s and [[Net|netting]].  In [[ropework]], the frayed end of a rope is held together by a type of knot called a [[whipping knot]].  Many types of [[textile]]s use knots to repair damage. [[Macrame]], one kind of textile, is generated exclusively through the use of knotting, instead of [[knitting|knits]], crochets, weaves or felting.  Macrame can produce self-supporting three dimensional textile structures, as well as flat work, and is often used ornamentally or decoratively.
Knots can be applied in combination to produce complex objects such as [[lanyard]]s and [[net]]ting.  In [[ropework]], the frayed end of a rope is held together by a type of knot called a [[whipping knot]].  Many types of textiles use knots to repair damage. Macrame, one kind of textile, is generated exclusively through the use of knotting, instead of knits, crochets, weaves or felting.  Macrame can produce self-supporting three dimensional textile structures, as well as flat work, and is often used ornamentally or decoratively.


==Properties==
== Properties ==
===Strength===
=== Strength ===
Knots invariably weaken the rope they are made in.  When knotted rope
Knots invariably weaken the rope they are made in.  When knotted rope
is strained to its breaking point, barring any flaws or damage in
is strained to its breaking point, barring any flaws or damage in
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difficulties in determining an overall numeric knot efficiency for a
difficulties in determining an overall numeric knot efficiency for a
given knot.  This is due to the many factors that can affect the
given knot.  This is due to the many factors that can affect the
results of a knot efficiency test: the type of [[fiber]], the [[Rope#Styles of rope construction|style of
results of a knot efficiency test: the type of fiber, the [[Rope#Styles of rope construction|style of
rope]], the size of rope, whether it is wet or dry, how the knot is dressed before loading, how rapidly
rope]], the size of rope, whether it is wet or dry, how the knot is dressed before loading, how rapidly
the knot is loaded, whether the knot is repeatedly loaded, and so
the knot is loaded, whether the knot is repeatedly loaded, and so
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knots, aging, damage, shock loading, etc.  In general, the '''safe working load''' is often specified as between 10% and 20% of the rated breaking strength of the rope being used.[http://www.boatsafe.com/marlinespike/safeload.htm]  For safety of life applications many other factors come into play which are beyond the current scope of this article.  ''Always consult experienced practitioners before using ropes and knots in situations where safety of life, limb, or property is involved.''
knots, aging, damage, shock loading, etc.  In general, the '''safe working load''' is often specified as between 10% and 20% of the rated breaking strength of the rope being used.[http://www.boatsafe.com/marlinespike/safeload.htm]  For safety of life applications many other factors come into play which are beyond the current scope of this article.  ''Always consult experienced practitioners before using ropes and knots in situations where safety of life, limb, or property is involved.''


===Security===
=== Security ===


Even if the rope does not break, a knot may still fail to hold.  A knot which holds firm under a variety of adverse conditions is said to be more secure than one that does not.  The main ways knots fail to hold are:
Even if the rope does not break, a knot may still fail to hold.  A knot which holds firm under a variety of adverse conditions is said to be more secure than one that does not.  The main ways knots fail to hold are:


====Slipping====
==== Slipping ====
The tension from the load causes the rope to work back through the knot in the direction of the load.  If this continues far enough the working end will pass into the knot and the knot will unravel and fail.  This behavior in knots can be worsened when the knot is repeatedly strained and let slack, dragged over rough terrain, or subject to repeated impacts such as against a [[mast]] or [[flagpole]].  Even with secure knots some slippage may occur as the knot is first put under real tension.  This can be dealt with by leaving plenty of rope at the working end outside of the knot and by dressing the knot cleanly and tightening it as fully as possible before loading.  In some cases the use of a [[stopper (knot)|stopper knot]] or, even better, a [[backup knot]] can prevent the working end from passing through the knot, but it is generally better to use a more secure knot if one is observed to slip.  In life critical uses backup knots are often added to already secure knots in order to maximize safety.
The tension from the load causes the rope to work back through the knot in the direction of the load.  If this continues far enough the working end will pass into the knot and the knot will unravel and fail.  This behavior in knots can be worsened when the knot is repeatedly strained and let slack, dragged over rough terrain, or subject to repeated impacts such as against a [[mast]] or flagpole.  Even with secure knots some slippage may occur as the knot is first put under real tension.  This can be dealt with by leaving plenty of rope at the working end outside of the knot and by dressing the knot cleanly and tightening it as fully as possible before loading.  In some cases the use of a [[stopper (knot)|stopper knot]] or, even better, a [[backup knot]] can prevent the working end from passing through the knot, but it is generally better to use a more secure knot if one is observed to slip.  In life critical uses backup knots are often added to already secure knots in order to maximize safety.


====Capsizing====
==== Capsizing ====
Capsizing (or spilling) a knot is changing its form, rearranging its parts, usually by pulling on specific ends in specific  ways.  Some knots when used in an inappropriate manner have a tendency to capsize easily or even spontaneously.  Often the capsized form of the knot offers little resistance to slipping or unraveling.  For an excellent example of a knot that capsizes dangerously, see the discussion of the [[Reef Knot#Overuse|reef knot used as a bend]].  Sometimes a knot is intentionally capsized as a method of tying another knot, such as the [[Bowline#Tying|"lightning method"]] of tying a Bowline.  Some knots, such as the [[Carrick Bend]], are generally tied in one form and then capsized to attain a stronger or more stable form.
Capsizing (or spilling) a knot is changing its form, rearranging its parts, usually by pulling on specific ends in specific  ways.  Some knots when used in an inappropriate manner have a tendency to capsize easily or even spontaneously.  Often the capsized form of the knot offers little resistance to slipping or unraveling.  For an excellent example of a knot that capsizes dangerously, see the discussion of the [[Reef Knot#Overuse|reef knot used as a bend]].  Sometimes a knot is intentionally capsized as a method of tying another knot, such as the [[Bowline#Tying|"lightning method"]] of tying a Bowline.  Some knots, such as the [[Carrick Bend]], are generally tied in one form and then capsized to attain a stronger or more stable form.


====Sliding====
==== Sliding ====
In knots that are meant to grip another object, failure can be defined as the knot moving relative to the object being gripped.  While the knot itself does not fail, it ceases to perform the desired function.  For example a simple [[Rolling hitch|Rolling Hitch]] tied around a railing and pulled parallel to the railing might hold to a certain tension and then start sliding.  Sometimes this can be corrected by working-up the knot tighter before subjecting it to load but usually a knot with more wraps, or a different size or type of rope will need to be employed.
In knots that are meant to grip another object, failure can be defined as the knot moving relative to the object being gripped.  While the knot itself does not fail, it ceases to perform the desired function.  For example a simple [[Rolling hitch|Rolling Hitch]] tied around a railing and pulled parallel to the railing might hold to a certain tension and then start sliding.  Sometimes this can be corrected by working-up the knot tighter before subjecting it to load but usually a knot with more wraps, or a different size or type of rope will need to be employed.


==Components==
== Components ==
[[image:BightLoopElbow.jpg|frame|right|Knot components]]
[[image:BightLoopElbow.jpg|frame|right|Knot components]]
[[Image:Turn-roundturn-tworoundturns.jpg|right|thumb|A: Turn<br>B: Round turn<br>C: Two round turns]]
[[Image:Turn-roundturn-tworoundturns.jpg|right|thumb|A: Turn<br />B: Round turn<br />C: Two round turns]]
;'''Bight'''
;'''Bight'''
{{main|Bight (knot)}}
{{main|Bight (knot)}}
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:*'''Two round turns''' circles the object twice; requires three passes.
:*'''Two round turns''' circles the object twice; requires three passes.
;'''Working end'''
;'''Working end'''
:The active end of a line used in making the knot. May also be called the 'running end' or 'live end'.
:The active end of a line used in making the knot. May also be called the 'running end' or 'live end'.
;'''Working part'''
;'''Working part'''
:Section of line between knot and the working end.
:Section of line between knot and the working end.


==Categories==
== Categories ==
The [[list of knots]] is extensive, but common properties allow for a useful system of categorization. For example, [[loop (knot)|loop]] knots share the attribute of having some kind of an anchor point constructed on the [[standing end]] (such as a loop or overhand knot) into which the working end is easily hitched to using a [[round turn]]. An example of this is the [[bowline]]. Constricting knots often rely on friction to cinch down tight on loose bundles; an example would be the [[Miller's knot]].
The [[list of knots]] is extensive, but common properties allow for a useful system of categorization. For example, [[loop (knot)|loop]] knots share the attribute of having some kind of an anchor point constructed on the [[standing end]] (such as a loop or overhand knot) into which the working end is easily hitched to using a [[round turn]]. An example of this is the [[bowline]]. Constricting knots often rely on friction to cinch down tight on loose bundles; an example would be the [[Miller's knot]].


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;[[Bend knot|Bend]] :A knot uniting two lines (for knots joining two ends of the same line, see [[binding (knot)|binding knots]] or [[loop (knot)|loops]]). [[list of bend knots|List of bends]].
;[[Bend knot|Bend]] :A knot uniting two lines (for knots joining two ends of the same line, see [[binding (knot)|binding knots]] or [[loop (knot)|loops]]). [[list of bend knots|List of bends]].
;[[binding (knot)|Binding]] :A knot that restricts object(s) by making multiple winds. [[List of binding knots]].
;[[binding (knot)|Binding]] :A knot that restricts object(s) by making multiple winds. [[List of binding knots]].
;[[Coil]] :Knots used to tie up lines for storage. [[List of coil knots]].
;Coil :Knots used to tie up lines for storage. [[List of coil knots]].
;[[Decorative knot]] :A complex knot exhibiting repeating patterns often constructed around and enhancing an object. [[List of decorative knots]].
;[[Decorative knot]] :A complex knot exhibiting repeating patterns often constructed around and enhancing an object. [[List of decorative knots]].
;[[Hitch knot|Hitch]] :A knot tied to a post, cable, ring, or spar. [[List of hitch knots]].
;[[Hitch knot|Hitch]] :A knot tied to a post, cable, ring, or spar. [[List of hitch knots]].
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;[[loop (knot)|Loop]] :A knot used to create a closed circle in a line. [[List of loop knots]].
;[[loop (knot)|Loop]] :A knot used to create a closed circle in a line. [[List of loop knots]].
;[[Plait]] (or Braid):A number of lines interwoven in a simple regular pattern. [[List of plait knots]].
;[[Plait]] (or Braid):A number of lines interwoven in a simple regular pattern. [[List of plait knots]].
;[[slip knot|Slip]] (or Running) :A knot tied with a hitch around one of its parts, contrasted. with a loop, which is closed with a bend. A slip knot can be closed, a loop remains the same size. [[List of slip knots]].
;[[slip knot|Slip]] (or Running) :A knot tied with a hitch around one of its parts, contrasted. with a loop, which is closed with a bend. A slip knot can be closed, a loop remains the same size. [[List of slip knots]].  
;[[Seizing]] :A knot used to hold two lines or two parts of the same line together. [[List of seizing knots]].
;Seizing :A knot used to hold two lines or two parts of the same line together. List of seizing knots.
;[[Sennit]] :A number of lines interwoven in a complex pattern. [[List of sennit knots]].
;[[Sennit]] :A number of lines interwoven in a complex pattern. [[List of sennit knots]].
;[[Rope splicing|Splice]] :A knot formed by interweaving strands of rope rather than whole lines. More time consuming but usually stronger than simple knots. [[List of splices]].
;[[Rope splicing|Splice]] :A knot formed by interweaving strands of rope rather than whole lines. More time consuming but usually stronger than simple knots. [[List of splices]].
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;[[whipping knot|Whipping]] :A binding knot used to prevent another line from fraying.
;[[whipping knot|Whipping]] :A binding knot used to prevent another line from fraying.


==References==
== References ==


*[[Clifford Ashley|Clifford W. Ashley]] [[The Ashley Book of Knots|''The Ashley Book of Knots'']]. Doubleday, New York. ISBN 0-385-04025-3
*[[Clifford Ashley|Clifford W. Ashley]] [[The Ashley Book of Knots|''The Ashley Book of Knots'']]. Doubleday, New York. ISBN 0-385-04025-3
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*Cyrus L. Day. ''Knots & Splices''. International Marine/McGraw-Hill Companies. ISBN 0-87742-252-4
*Cyrus L. Day. ''Knots & Splices''. International Marine/McGraw-Hill Companies. ISBN 0-87742-252-4
*Geoffrey Budworth (1999). ''The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Knots & Ropework''. Annes Publishing Limited. ISBN 1-55267-986-1
*Geoffrey Budworth (1999). ''The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Knots & Ropework''. Annes Publishing Limited. ISBN 1-55267-986-1
*John Cassidy (1985). ''The Klutz Book of Knots''. Klutz Press, [[Palo Alto, California]]. ISBN 0-932592-10-4
*John Cassidy (1985). ''The Klutz Book of Knots''. Klutz Press, Palo Alto, California. ISBN 0-932592-10-4
*Des Pawson(2001). ''Pocket Guide to Knots & Splices''. Produced for Propsero Books by RPC Publishing Ltd., London. ISBN 1-55267-218-2
*Des Pawson(2001). ''Pocket Guide to Knots & Splices''. Produced for Propsero Books by RPC Publishing Ltd., London. ISBN 1-55267-218-2
*Brion Toss. ''The Complete Rigger's Apprentice''. International Marine/McGraw-Hill Companies. ISBN 0-07-064840-9
*Brion Toss. ''The Complete Rigger's Apprentice''. International Marine/McGraw-Hill Companies. ISBN 0-07-064840-9
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*J.C. Turner and P. van de Griend (ed.) (1996). ''History and Science of Knots''. World Scientific. ISBN 981-02-2469-9
*J.C. Turner and P. van de Griend (ed.) (1996). ''History and Science of Knots''. World Scientific. ISBN 981-02-2469-9


==See also==
== See also ==
*[[List of knots]]
*[[List of knots]]


==External links==
== External links ==


*[http://www.tollesburysc.co.uk/Knots/Knots_gallery.htm Animated knots] (GIF format)
*[http://www.tollesburysc.co.uk/Knots/Knots_gallery.htm Animated knots] (GIF format)
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*[http://www.geocities.com/roo_two/knotindex.html The Notable Knot Index]
*[http://www.geocities.com/roo_two/knotindex.html The Notable Knot Index]
*[http://www.draftlight.net/lifeonaline/ Underground rope rescue knots]
*[http://www.draftlight.net/lifeonaline/ Underground rope rescue knots]
[[Category:Knots| ]]
[[Category:Knots| ]]
[[Category:Ropework]]
[[Category:Ropework]]


[[ar:عقدة]]
[[da:Knob]]
[[de:Knoten]]
[[de:Knoten]]
[[es:Nudo]]
[[es:Nudo (cabuyería)]]
[[fi:Solmu]]
[[fi:Solmu]]
[[fr:Nœud]]
[[fr:Nœud]]
[[it:Nodi]]
[[nl:Knopen]]
[[nl:Knopen]]
[[pt:Nós]]
[[sv:Knop]]
[[sv:Knop]]
[[nl:Knopen]]
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