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Orienteering: Difference between revisions
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== History == | == History == | ||
=== Early days === | === Early days === | ||
Orienteering originated in [[Scandinavia]], as a [[military training|military exercise]], in the late 19th century. The competitive sport form began in | Orienteering originated in [[Scandinavia]], as a [[military training|military exercise]], in the late 19th century. The competitive sport form began in Norway where the first competition was sponsored by the Tjalve Sports Club on [[31 October]] [[1897]] and held near [[Oslo]]. The course was quite long by modern standards, at 19.5 [[kilometers|km]], on which only three controls were placed. Peder Fossum won the event in a time of 1 hour, 47 minutes, and 7 seconds.<ref name="palmer_18">Palmer, Peter (1997). ''The Complete Orienteering Manual''. Wiltshire, England: The Crowood Press Ltd., ISBN 1-86126-095-4, p. 18-19.</ref> | ||
The first large scale orienteering meet was organized in 1918 by Major Ernst Killander of Stockholm, Sweden. Killander was a [[Scouting|Scout]] leader who turned to the sport as an opportunity to interest youth in athletics. The first large scale event was organized south of Stockholm and was attended by 220 athletes.<ref name="palmer_18"/><ref name="boga_1">Boga, Steven (1997). ''Orienteering: The Sport of Navigating with Map & Compass''. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania, USA: Stackpole Books. ISBN 0-8117-2870-6. p. 1.</ref> Killander continued to develop the rules and principles of the sport, and today is widely regarded throughout Scandinavia as the "Father of Orienteering". | The first large scale orienteering meet was organized in 1918 by Major Ernst Killander of Stockholm, Sweden. Killander was a [[Scouting|Scout]] leader who turned to the sport as an opportunity to interest youth in athletics. The first large scale event was organized south of Stockholm and was attended by 220 athletes.<ref name="palmer_18"/><ref name="boga_1">Boga, Steven (1997). ''Orienteering: The Sport of Navigating with Map & Compass''. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania, USA: Stackpole Books. ISBN 0-8117-2870-6. p. 1.</ref> Killander continued to develop the rules and principles of the sport, and today is widely regarded throughout Scandinavia as the "Father of Orienteering". | ||
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Following World War II, orienteering spread throughout Europe, Asia, North America, Australia, and New Zealand. The first orienteering event held in North America took place in November, 1941 at [[Dartmouth College]], in [[Hanover, New Hampshire]], [[USA]], organized by Piltti Heiskanen, a visiting student from Finland. Bjorn Kjellstrom (d. 1995), a Swedish orienteer and co-founder of compass manufacturer Silva Sweden AB, moved to the United States in 1946 to found the U.S. operations of The Silva Company (later Silva, Inc.). Kjellstrom brought his love for orienteering with him, inaugurating Silva Orienteering Services to provide training and company sponsorship for the sport. With Norwegian Harald Wilbye, Kjellstrom would help found a U.S. orienteering club in 1967 that became one of the largest and most active orienteering clubs in the United States.<ref name="boga_3">Boga, Steven (1997). ''Orienteering: The Sport of Navigating with Map & Compass''. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania, USA: Stackpole Books. ISBN 0-8117-2870-6. p. 3-4.</ref> The Canadian Orienteering Federation was also founded in 1967, and the first Canadian national orienteering championship was held at Gatineau Park in [[Ottawa]] on August 10, 1968.<ref name="kirk">Kirk, Colin (2006). [http://www.orienteering.ca/HISTORY.htm "History of the Canadian Orienteering Federation"]. Retrieved Feb. 22, 2006.</ref> The only [[World Orienteering Championships|World Championship]] to be held in North America took place at [[West Point]], New York, [[USA]] in 1993. | Following World War II, orienteering spread throughout Europe, Asia, North America, Australia, and New Zealand. The first orienteering event held in North America took place in November, 1941 at [[Dartmouth College]], in [[Hanover, New Hampshire]], [[USA]], organized by Piltti Heiskanen, a visiting student from Finland. Bjorn Kjellstrom (d. 1995), a Swedish orienteer and co-founder of compass manufacturer Silva Sweden AB, moved to the United States in 1946 to found the U.S. operations of The Silva Company (later Silva, Inc.). Kjellstrom brought his love for orienteering with him, inaugurating Silva Orienteering Services to provide training and company sponsorship for the sport. With Norwegian Harald Wilbye, Kjellstrom would help found a U.S. orienteering club in 1967 that became one of the largest and most active orienteering clubs in the United States.<ref name="boga_3">Boga, Steven (1997). ''Orienteering: The Sport of Navigating with Map & Compass''. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania, USA: Stackpole Books. ISBN 0-8117-2870-6. p. 3-4.</ref> The Canadian Orienteering Federation was also founded in 1967, and the first Canadian national orienteering championship was held at Gatineau Park in [[Ottawa]] on August 10, 1968.<ref name="kirk">Kirk, Colin (2006). [http://www.orienteering.ca/HISTORY.htm "History of the Canadian Orienteering Federation"]. Retrieved Feb. 22, 2006.</ref> The only [[World Orienteering Championships|World Championship]] to be held in North America took place at [[West Point]], New York, [[USA]] in 1993. | ||
Eleven countries sent representatives to an international conference in [[Sandviken]], Sweden in 1949 that aimed to bring more consistent rules and mapping standards to the sport. The Norwegians and Swedes began producing new multi-color maps designed specifically for orienteering in the 1950s. The first orienteering event in Australia was held in 1955. The [[International Orienteering Federation]] (IOF) was established in 1961 and the first world championships were held in 1966. The founding member societies represented the nations of [[Bulgaria]], [[Czechoslovakia]], Denmark, the [[Federal Republic of Germany]], the [[German Democratic Republic]], [[Finland]], Hungary, | Eleven countries sent representatives to an international conference in [[Sandviken]], Sweden in 1949 that aimed to bring more consistent rules and mapping standards to the sport. The Norwegians and Swedes began producing new multi-color maps designed specifically for orienteering in the 1950s. The first orienteering event in Australia was held in 1955. The [[International Orienteering Federation]] (IOF) was established in 1961 and the first world championships were held in 1966. The founding member societies represented the nations of [[Bulgaria]], [[Czechoslovakia]], Denmark, the [[Federal Republic of Germany]], the [[German Democratic Republic]], [[Finland]], Hungary, Norway, [[Sweden]], and Switzerland. By 1969, the IOF would represent 16 countries, including the first two non-European member societies representing Japan and Canada.<ref name="dandenong">Dandenong Ranges Orienteering Club (2004). ''[http://www.momentech.com.au/droc/HistoryOrienteering.asp Orienteering History]''. Retrieved Feb 19, 2006.</ref> | ||
=== Recent years === | === Recent years === | ||
