https://en.scoutwiki.org/index.php?title=Global_Positioning_System&feed=atom&action=historyGlobal Positioning System - Revision history2024-03-29T13:16:59ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.39.5https://en.scoutwiki.org/index.php?title=Global_Positioning_System&diff=50688&oldid=prevBot egel: Bot: Converting bare references, using ref names to avoid duplicates, see FAQ2023-12-31T22:54:56Z<p>Bot: Converting bare references, using ref names to avoid duplicates, see <a href="//www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Pywikibot/refLinks" class="extiw" title="mw:Manual:Pywikibot/refLinks">FAQ</a></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Having reached Fully Operational Capability on [[July 17]], [[1995]],<ref>http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/gps/geninfo/global.htm</ref> the GPS completed its original design goals. However, additional advances in technology and new demands on the existing system led to the effort to "modernize" the GPS system. Announcements from the Vice Presidential and the White House in 1998 heralded the beginning of these changes and in 2000, the U.S. Congress reaffirmed the effort; referred to it as '''GPS III'''. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Having reached Fully Operational Capability on [[July 17]], [[1995]],<ref><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[</ins>http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/gps/geninfo/global.htm <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Home | Navigation Center<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ins></ref> the GPS completed its original design goals. However, additional advances in technology and new demands on the existing system led to the effort to "modernize" the GPS system. Announcements from the Vice Presidential and the White House in 1998 heralded the beginning of these changes and in 2000, the U.S. Congress reaffirmed the effort; referred to it as '''GPS III'''. </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The project aims to improve the accuracy and availability for all users and involves new ground stations, new satellites, and four additional navigation signals. New civilian signals are called '''L2C''', '''L5''' and '''L1C'''; the new military code is called '''M-Code'''. A goal of 2013 has been established with incentives offered to the contractors if they can complete it by 2011.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The project aims to improve the accuracy and availability for all users and involves new ground stations, new satellites, and four additional navigation signals. New civilian signals are called '''L2C''', '''L5''' and '''L1C'''; the new military code is called '''M-Code'''. A goal of 2013 has been established with incentives offered to the contractors if they can complete it by 2011.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== External links ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== External links ==</div></td></tr>
</table>Bot egelhttps://en.scoutwiki.org/index.php?title=Global_Positioning_System&diff=49815&oldid=prevBot egel: cleanup links2021-08-19T08:19:40Z<p>cleanup links</p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*'''Aircraft''' navigation systems usually display a "moving map" and are often connected to the [[autopilot]] for en-route navigation. Cockpit-mounted GPS receivers and [[glass cockpit]]s are appearing in [[general aviation]] aircraft of all sizes, using technologies such as [[WAAS]] or [[LAAS]] to increase accuracy. Many of these systems may be certified for [[instrument flight rules]] navigation, and some can also be used for final approach and landing operations. [[Glider]] pilots use [[GNSS Flight Recorders]] to log GPS data verifying their arrival at turn points in [[gliding competitions]]. Flight computers installed in many gliders also use GPS to compute wind speed aloft, and glide paths to [[waypoint]]s such as alternate airports or mountain passes, to aid en route decision making for cross-country [[soaring]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*'''Aircraft''' navigation systems usually display a "moving map" and are often connected to the [[autopilot]] for en-route navigation. Cockpit-mounted GPS receivers and [[glass cockpit]]s are appearing in [[general aviation]] aircraft of all sizes, using technologies such as [[WAAS]] or [[LAAS]] to increase accuracy. Many of these systems may be certified for [[instrument flight rules]] navigation, and some can also be used for final approach and landing operations. [[Glider]] pilots use [[GNSS Flight Recorders]] to log GPS data verifying their arrival at turn points in [[gliding competitions]]. Flight computers installed in many gliders also use GPS to compute wind speed aloft, and glide paths to [[waypoint]]s such as alternate airports or mountain passes, to aid en route decision making for cross-country [[soaring]].</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*'''[[Boat]]s and [[ship]]s''' can use GPS to navigate all of the world's lakes, seas and oceans. Maritime GPS units include functions useful on water, such as “man overboard” (MOB) functions that allow instantly marking the location where a person has fallen overboard, which simplifies rescue efforts. GPS may be connected to the ships [[self-steering gear]] and [[Chartplotter]]s using the [[NMEA<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">|NMEA 0183</del>]] interface. GPS can also improve the security of shipping traffic by enabling [[Automatic Identification System|AIS]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*'''[[Boat]]s and [[ship]]s''' can use GPS to navigate all of the world's lakes, seas and oceans. Maritime GPS units include functions useful on water, such as “man overboard” (MOB) functions that allow instantly marking the location where a person has fallen overboard, which simplifies rescue efforts. GPS may be connected to the ships [[self-steering gear]] and [[Chartplotter]]s using the [[NMEA]] <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">0183 </ins>interface. GPS can also improve the security of shipping traffic by enabling [[Automatic Identification System|AIS]].</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*'''Heavy Equipment''' can use GPS in construction, mining and [[precision agriculture]]. The blades and buckets of construction equipment are controlled automatically in GPS-based [[machine guidance]] systems. Agricultural equipment may use GPS to steer automatically, or as a visual aid displayed on a screen for the driver. This is very useful for controlled traffic and row crop operations and when spraying. Harvesters with yield monitors can also use GPS to create a yield map of the paddock being harvested. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*'''Heavy Equipment''' can use GPS in construction, mining and [[precision agriculture]]. The blades and buckets of construction equipment are controlled automatically in GPS-based [[machine guidance]] systems. Agricultural equipment may use GPS to steer automatically, or as a visual aid displayed on a screen for the driver. This is very useful for controlled traffic and row crop operations and when spraying. Harvesters with yield monitors can also use GPS to create a yield map of the paddock being harvested. </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>One GPS developer, [[Roger L. Easton]], received the [[National Medal of Technology]] on [[February 13]] [[2006]] at the White House.<ref>[[United States Naval Research Laboratory]]. [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2005-11/nrl-par112205.php National Medal of Technology for GPS]. [[November 21]], [[2005]]</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>One GPS developer, [[Roger L. Easton]], received the [[National Medal of Technology]] on [[February 13]] [[2006]] at the White House.<ref>[[United States Naval Research Laboratory]]. [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2005-11/nrl-par112205.php National Medal of Technology for GPS]. [[November 21]], [[2005]]</ref></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>On [[February 10]], [[1993]], the [[National Aeronautic Association]] selected the Global Positioning System Team as winners of the 1992 [[Collier Trophy|Robert J. Collier Trophy]], the most prestigious aviation award in the United States. This team consists of researchers from the [[Naval Research Laboratory]], the U.S. Air Force, the [[Aerospace Corporation]], [[Rockwell International<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">|Rockwell International Corporation</del>]], and [[IBM]] Federal Systems Company. The citation accompanying the presentation of the trophy honors the GPS Team "for the most significant development for safe and efficient navigation and surveillance of air and spacecraft since the introduction of radio navigation 50 years ago."</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>On [[February 10]], [[1993]], the [[National Aeronautic Association]] selected the Global Positioning System Team as winners of the 1992 [[Collier Trophy|Robert J. Collier Trophy]], the most prestigious aviation award in the United States. This team consists of researchers from the [[Naval Research Laboratory]], the U.S. Air Force, the [[Aerospace Corporation]], [[Rockwell International]] <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Corporation</ins>, and [[IBM]] Federal Systems Company. The citation accompanying the presentation of the trophy honors the GPS Team "for the most significant development for safe and efficient navigation and surveillance of air and spacecraft since the introduction of radio navigation 50 years ago."</div></td></tr>
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</table>Bot egelhttps://en.scoutwiki.org/index.php?title=Global_Positioning_System&diff=39141&oldid=prevBot egel: Bot: Removing hu:GPS2017-05-31T18:40:53Z<p>Bot: Removing <a href="https://wiki.cserkesz.hu/GPS" class="extiw" title="hu:GPS">hu:GPS</a></p>
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</table>Bot egelhttps://en.scoutwiki.org/index.php?title=Global_Positioning_System&diff=38369&oldid=prevCampmorrisonthirtytwo: Added blog article as source for 'GPS Tracking'2015-10-28T14:35:41Z<p>Added blog article as source for 'GPS Tracking'</p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*'''Heading information''' — The GPS system can be used to determine heading information, even though it was not designed for this purpose. A "GPS compass" uses a pair of antennas separated by about 50 cm to detect the phase difference in the carrier signal from a particular GPS satellite.<ref>[http://www.jrcamerica.com/product.asp?Product_Id=17778 ''JLR-10 GPS Compass'']. Accessed Jan. 6, 2007.</ref> Given the positions of the satellite, the position of the antenna, and the phase difference, the orientation of the two antennas can be computed. More expensive GPS compass systems use three antennas in a triangle to get three separate readings with respect to each satellite. A GPS compass is not subject to magnetic declination as a magnetic compass is, and doesn't need to be reset periodically like a gyrocompass. It is, however, subject to multipath effects.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*'''Heading information''' — The GPS system can be used to determine heading information, even though it was not designed for this purpose. A "GPS compass" uses a pair of antennas separated by about 50 cm to detect the phase difference in the carrier signal from a particular GPS satellite.<ref>[http://www.jrcamerica.com/product.asp?Product_Id=17778 ''JLR-10 GPS Compass'']. Accessed Jan. 6, 2007.</ref> Given the positions of the satellite, the position of the antenna, and the phase difference, the orientation of the two antennas can be computed. More expensive GPS compass systems use three antennas in a triangle to get three separate readings with respect to each satellite. A GPS compass is not subject to magnetic declination as a magnetic compass is, and doesn't need to be reset periodically like a gyrocompass. It is, however, subject to multipath effects.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*'''[[GPS tracking]]''' systems use GPS to determine the location of a vehicle, person, or pet and to record the position at regular intervals in order to create a log of movements. The data can be stored inside the unit, or sent to a remote computer by radio or cellular modem. Some systems allow the location to be viewed in [[real-time]] on the Internet with a web-browser.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*'''[[GPS tracking]]''' systems use GPS to determine the location of a vehicle, person, or pet and to record the position at regular intervals in order to create a log of movements. The data can be stored inside the unit, or sent to a remote computer by radio or cellular modem. Some systems allow the location to be viewed in [[real-time]] on the Internet with a web-browser. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">There are various applications for GPS tracking, namely in public safety and crime prevention.<ref>''[http://gpstrackit.com/gps-tracking-the-future/ GPS Tracking: The Future]''</ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*'''Weather Prediction Improvements''' — Measurement of atmospheric bending of GPS satellite signals by specialized GPS receivers in orbital satellites can be used to determine atmospheric conditions such as air density, temperature, moisture and electron density. Such information from a set of six micro-satellites, launched in April 2006, called the Constellation of Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate [[COSMIC]] has been proven to improve the accuracy of weather prediction models.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*'''Weather Prediction Improvements''' — Measurement of atmospheric bending of GPS satellite signals by specialized GPS receivers in orbital satellites can be used to determine atmospheric conditions such as air density, temperature, moisture and electron density. Such information from a set of six micro-satellites, launched in April 2006, called the Constellation of Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate [[COSMIC]] has been proven to improve the accuracy of weather prediction models.</div></td></tr>
</table>Campmorrisonthirtytwohttps://en.scoutwiki.org/index.php?title=Global_Positioning_System&diff=36428&oldid=prevBot egel: r2.7.4) (Robot: Adding es:GPS2013-07-11T11:21:51Z<p>r2.7.4) (Robot: Adding <a href="//es.scoutwiki.org/GPS" class="extiw" title="es:GPS">es:GPS</a></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[nl:Global Positioning System]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[nl:Global Positioning System]]</div></td></tr>
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</table>Bot egelhttps://en.scoutwiki.org/index.php?title=Global_Positioning_System&diff=34561&oldid=prevBot egel: Robot: Automated text replacement (-\[\[(Doppler effect)\]\] +\1)2012-05-06T19:38:12Z<p>Robot: Automated text replacement (-\[\[(Doppler effect)\]\] +\1)</p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== History ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== History ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The design of GPS is based partly on the similar ground-based radio navigation systems, such as [[LORAN]] and the [[Decca Navigator System|Decca Navigator]] developed in the early 1940s, and used during World War II. Additional inspiration for the GPS system came when the Soviet Union launched the first [[Sputnik program|Sputnik]] in 1957. A team of U.S. scientists led by Dr. Richard B. Kershner were monitoring Sputnik's radio transmissions. They discovered that, because of the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>Doppler effect<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</del>, the frequency of the signal being transmitted by Sputnik was higher as the satellite approached, and lower as it continued away from them. They realized that since they knew their exact location on the globe, they could pinpoint where the satellite was along its orbit by measuring the Doppler distortion. <!-- The converse is also true: if the satellite's position were known, they could identify their own position on Earth. (commented because I am not sure of this. At most, they would know the rate at which the distance between themselves and the satellite was changing. There would be at least two points (one each north and south of the equator) for which that would be true, and practically one would not get an exact position, especially with 1950s electronics, even if one knew the satellite's exact orbit, and the exact time --></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The design of GPS is based partly on the similar ground-based radio navigation systems, such as [[LORAN]] and the [[Decca Navigator System|Decca Navigator]] developed in the early 1940s, and used during World War II. Additional inspiration for the GPS system came when the Soviet Union launched the first [[Sputnik program|Sputnik]] in 1957. A team of U.S. scientists led by Dr. Richard B. Kershner were monitoring Sputnik's radio transmissions. They discovered that, because of the Doppler effect, the frequency of the signal being transmitted by Sputnik was higher as the satellite approached, and lower as it continued away from them. They realized that since they knew their exact location on the globe, they could pinpoint where the satellite was along its orbit by measuring the Doppler distortion. <!-- The converse is also true: if the satellite's position were known, they could identify their own position on Earth. (commented because I am not sure of this. At most, they would know the rate at which the distance between themselves and the satellite was changing. There would be at least two points (one each north and south of the equator) for which that would be true, and practically one would not get an exact position, especially with 1950s electronics, even if one knew the satellite's exact orbit, and the exact time --></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The first satellite navigation system, [[Transit (satellite)|Transit]], used by the United States Navy, was first successfully tested in 1960. Using a constellation of five satellites, it could provide a navigational fix approximately once per hour. In 1967, the U.S. Navy developed the [[Timation]] satellite which proved the ability to place accurate clocks in space, a technology the GPS system relies upon. In the 1970s, the ground-based [[Omega Navigation System]], based on signal phase comparison, became the first world-wide radio navigation system.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The first satellite navigation system, [[Transit (satellite)|Transit]], used by the United States Navy, was first successfully tested in 1960. Using a constellation of five satellites, it could provide a navigational fix approximately once per hour. In 1967, the U.S. Navy developed the [[Timation]] satellite which proved the ability to place accurate clocks in space, a technology the GPS system relies upon. In the 1970s, the ground-based [[Omega Navigation System]], based on signal phase comparison, became the first world-wide radio navigation system.</div></td></tr>
</table>Bot egelhttps://en.scoutwiki.org/index.php?title=Global_Positioning_System&diff=34510&oldid=prevBot egel: Robot: Automated text replacement (-\[\[(Assisted GPS)\]\] +\1)2012-05-06T17:36:50Z<p>Robot: Automated text replacement (-\[\[(Assisted GPS)\]\] +\1)</p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*'''Mobile Satellite Communications''' — Satellite communications systems use a directional antenna (usually a "dish") pointed at a satellite. The antenna on a moving ship or train, for example, must be pointed based on its current location. Modern antenna controllers usually incorporate a GPS receiver to provide this information.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*'''Mobile Satellite Communications''' — Satellite communications systems use a directional antenna (usually a "dish") pointed at a satellite. The antenna on a moving ship or train, for example, must be pointed based on its current location. Modern antenna controllers usually incorporate a GPS receiver to provide this information.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*'''[[E911|Emergency]] and [[Location-based services]]''' — GPS functionality can be used by [[emergency services]] to locate cell phones. The ability to locate a mobile phone is required in the United States by [[E911]] emergency services legislation. However, as of September 2006 such a system is not in place in all parts of the country. GPS is less dependent on the telecommunications network topology than [[radiolocation]] for compatible phones. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>Assisted GPS<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </del>reduces the power requirements of the mobile phone and increases the accuracy of the location. A phone's geographic location may also be used to provide location-based services including advertising, or other location-specific information.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*'''[[E911|Emergency]] and [[Location-based services]]''' — GPS functionality can be used by [[emergency services]] to locate cell phones. The ability to locate a mobile phone is required in the United States by [[E911]] emergency services legislation. However, as of September 2006 such a system is not in place in all parts of the country. GPS is less dependent on the telecommunications network topology than [[radiolocation]] for compatible phones. Assisted GPS reduces the power requirements of the mobile phone and increases the accuracy of the location. A phone's geographic location may also be used to provide location-based services including advertising, or other location-specific information.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*'''[[Location-based game]]s''' — The availability of hand-held GPS receivers has led to games such as [[Geocaching]], which involves using a hand-held GPS unit to travel to a specific [[longitude]] and latitude to search for objects hidden by other geocachers. This popular activity often includes walking or hiking to natural locations. [[Geodashing]] is an outdoor sport using [[waypoint]]s.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*'''[[Location-based game]]s''' — The availability of hand-held GPS receivers has led to games such as [[Geocaching]], which involves using a hand-held GPS unit to travel to a specific [[longitude]] and latitude to search for objects hidden by other geocachers. This popular activity often includes walking or hiking to natural locations. [[Geodashing]] is an outdoor sport using [[waypoint]]s.</div></td></tr>
</table>Bot egelhttps://en.scoutwiki.org/index.php?title=Global_Positioning_System&diff=34248&oldid=prevBot egel: Robot: Automated text replacement (-\[\[(The Aerospace Corporation)\]\] +\1)2012-05-06T15:48:33Z<p>Robot: Automated text replacement (-\[\[(The Aerospace Corporation)\]\] +\1)</p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Two GPS developers have received the [[United States National Academy of Engineering|National Academy of Engineering]] [[Charles Stark Draper]] prize year 2003:</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Two GPS developers have received the [[United States National Academy of Engineering|National Academy of Engineering]] [[Charles Stark Draper]] prize year 2003:</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[[Ivan Getting]], emeritus president of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>The Aerospace Corporation<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </del>and [[engineer]] at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], established the basis for GPS, improving on the World War II land-based radio system called [[LORAN]] ('''Lo'''ng-range '''R'''adio '''A'''id to '''N'''avigation).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[[Ivan Getting]], emeritus president of The Aerospace Corporation and [[engineer]] at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], established the basis for GPS, improving on the World War II land-based radio system called [[LORAN]] ('''Lo'''ng-range '''R'''adio '''A'''id to '''N'''avigation).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[[Bradford Parkinson]], professor of aeronautics and [[astronautics]] at [[Stanford University]], conceived the present satellite-based system in the early 1960s and developed it in conjunction with the U.S. Air Force.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[[Bradford Parkinson]], professor of aeronautics and [[astronautics]] at [[Stanford University]], conceived the present satellite-based system in the early 1960s and developed it in conjunction with the U.S. Air Force.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [http://www.rand.org/publications/MR/MR614/MR614.appb.pdf RAND history of the GPS system (PDF)]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [http://www.rand.org/publications/MR/MR614/MR614.appb.pdf RAND history of the GPS system (PDF)]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [http://www.defense-update.com/products/g/gps-aj.htm GPS Anti-Jam Protection Techniques]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [http://www.defense-update.com/products/g/gps-aj.htm GPS Anti-Jam Protection Techniques]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [http://www.aero.org/publications/crosslink/summer2002/index.html Crosslink] Summer 2002 issue by <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>The Aerospace Corporation<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </del>on satellite navigation.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [http://www.aero.org/publications/crosslink/summer2002/index.html Crosslink] Summer 2002 issue by The Aerospace Corporation on satellite navigation.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [http://www.ucar.edu/communications/staffnotes/0409/cosmic.html Improved weather predictions from COSMIC GPS satellite signal occultation data].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [http://www.ucar.edu/communications/staffnotes/0409/cosmic.html Improved weather predictions from COSMIC GPS satellite signal occultation data].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [http://users.erols.com/dlwilson/gps.htm David L. Wilson's GPS Accuracy Web Page] A thorough analysis of the accuracy of GPS.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [http://users.erols.com/dlwilson/gps.htm David L. Wilson's GPS Accuracy Web Page] A thorough analysis of the accuracy of GPS.</div></td></tr>
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</table>Bot egelhttps://en.scoutwiki.org/index.php?title=Global_Positioning_System&diff=34200&oldid=prevBot egel: Robot: Automated text replacement (-\[\[Pseudorandom number generator\|([\w|\s]*)\]\] +\1)2012-05-06T14:50:33Z<p>Robot: Automated text replacement (-\[\[Pseudorandom number generator\|([\w|\s]*)\]\] +\1)</p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:50, 6 May 2012</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Receivers that have the correct decryption key can relatively easily decode the P(Y)-code transmitted on both L1 and L2 to measure the error. Receivers that do not possess the key can still use a process called ''codeless'' to compare the encrypted information on L1 and L2 to gain much of the same error information. However, this technique is currently limited to specialized surveying equipment. In the future, additional civilian codes are expected to be transmitted on the L2 and L5 frequencies. When these become operational, non-encrypted users will be able to make the same comparison and directly measure some errors.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Receivers that have the correct decryption key can relatively easily decode the P(Y)-code transmitted on both L1 and L2 to measure the error. Receivers that do not possess the key can still use a process called ''codeless'' to compare the encrypted information on L1 and L2 to gain much of the same error information. However, this technique is currently limited to specialized surveying equipment. In the future, additional civilian codes are expected to be transmitted on the L2 and L5 frequencies. When these become operational, non-encrypted users will be able to make the same comparison and directly measure some errors.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A second form of precise monitoring is called '''Carrier-Phase Enhancement''' (CPGPS). The error, which this corrects, arises because the pulse transition of the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Pseudorandom number generator|</del>PRN<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </del>is not instantaneous, and thus the [[cross-correlation|correlation]] (satellite-receiver sequence matching) operation is imperfect. The CPGPS approach utilizes the L1 carrier wave, which has a [[Periodicity|period]] 1000 times smaller than that of the C/A bit period, to act as an additional [[clock signal]] and resolve the uncertainty. The phase difference error in the normal GPS amounts to between 2 and 3 meters (6 to 10 ft) of ambiguity. CPGPS working to within 1% of perfect transition reduces this error to 3 centimeters (1 inch) of ambiguity. By eliminating this source of error, CPGPS coupled with [[Differential GPS|DGPS]] normally realizes between 20 and 30 centimeters (8 to 12 inches) of absolute accuracy.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A second form of precise monitoring is called '''Carrier-Phase Enhancement''' (CPGPS). The error, which this corrects, arises because the pulse transition of the PRN is not instantaneous, and thus the [[cross-correlation|correlation]] (satellite-receiver sequence matching) operation is imperfect. The CPGPS approach utilizes the L1 carrier wave, which has a [[Periodicity|period]] 1000 times smaller than that of the C/A bit period, to act as an additional [[clock signal]] and resolve the uncertainty. The phase difference error in the normal GPS amounts to between 2 and 3 meters (6 to 10 ft) of ambiguity. CPGPS working to within 1% of perfect transition reduces this error to 3 centimeters (1 inch) of ambiguity. By eliminating this source of error, CPGPS coupled with [[Differential GPS|DGPS]] normally realizes between 20 and 30 centimeters (8 to 12 inches) of absolute accuracy.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Relative Kinematic Positioning''' (RKP) is another approach for a precise GPS-based positioning system. In this approach, determination of range signal can be resolved to an accuracy of less than 10 [[centimeters]] (4 in). This is done by resolving the number of cycles in which the signal is transmitted and received by the receiver. This can be accomplished by using a combination of differential GPS (DGPS) correction data, transmitting GPS signal phase information and ambiguity resolution techniques via statistical tests—possibly with processing in real-time ([[Real Time Kinematic|real-time kinematic positioning]], RTK).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Relative Kinematic Positioning''' (RKP) is another approach for a precise GPS-based positioning system. In this approach, determination of range signal can be resolved to an accuracy of less than 10 [[centimeters]] (4 in). This is done by resolving the number of cycles in which the signal is transmitted and received by the receiver. This can be accomplished by using a combination of differential GPS (DGPS) correction data, transmitting GPS signal phase information and ambiguity resolution techniques via statistical tests—possibly with processing in real-time ([[Real Time Kinematic|real-time kinematic positioning]], RTK).</div></td></tr>
</table>Bot egelhttps://en.scoutwiki.org/index.php?title=Global_Positioning_System&diff=34161&oldid=prevBot egel: Robot: Automated text replacement (-\[\[(Microseconds)\]\] +\1)2012-05-06T14:04:03Z<p>Robot: Automated text replacement (-\[\[(Microseconds)\]\] +\1)</p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:04, 6 May 2012</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==== Relativity ====</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==== Relativity ====</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>According to the [[theory of relativity]], due to their constant movement and height relative to the Earth-centered inertial [[Special relativity#Reference frames.2C coordinates and The Lorentz transformation|reference frame]], the clocks on the satellites are affected by their speed ([[special relativity]]) as well as their gravitational potential ([[general relativity]]). For the GPS satellites, general relativity predicts that the atomic clocks at GPS orbital altitudes will tick more rapidly, by about 45,900 [[nanoseconds]] (ns) per day, because they are in a weaker gravitational field than atomic clocks on Earth's surface. Special relativity predicts that atomic clocks moving at GPS orbital speeds will tick more slowly, by about 7,200 ns per day, than stationary ground clocks. When combined, the discrepancy is 38 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>microseconds<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </del>per day; a difference of 4.465 parts in 10<sup>10</sup>.<ref>Rizos, Chris. [[University of New South Wales]]. [http://www.gmat.unsw.edu.au/snap/gps/gps_survey/chap3/312.htm GPS Satellite Signals]. 1999.</ref>. To account for this, the frequency standard onboard each satellite is given a rate offset prior to launch, making it run slightly more slowly than the desired frequency on Earth; specifically, at 10.22999999543 MHz instead of 10.23 MHz.<ref>[http://www.aticourses.com/global_positioning_system.htm The Global Positioning System by Robert A. Nelson Via Satellite], November 1999</ref> </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>According to the [[theory of relativity]], due to their constant movement and height relative to the Earth-centered inertial [[Special relativity#Reference frames.2C coordinates and The Lorentz transformation|reference frame]], the clocks on the satellites are affected by their speed ([[special relativity]]) as well as their gravitational potential ([[general relativity]]). For the GPS satellites, general relativity predicts that the atomic clocks at GPS orbital altitudes will tick more rapidly, by about 45,900 [[nanoseconds]] (ns) per day, because they are in a weaker gravitational field than atomic clocks on Earth's surface. Special relativity predicts that atomic clocks moving at GPS orbital speeds will tick more slowly, by about 7,200 ns per day, than stationary ground clocks. When combined, the discrepancy is 38 microseconds per day; a difference of 4.465 parts in 10<sup>10</sup>.<ref>Rizos, Chris. [[University of New South Wales]]. [http://www.gmat.unsw.edu.au/snap/gps/gps_survey/chap3/312.htm GPS Satellite Signals]. 1999.</ref>. To account for this, the frequency standard onboard each satellite is given a rate offset prior to launch, making it run slightly more slowly than the desired frequency on Earth; specifically, at 10.22999999543 MHz instead of 10.23 MHz.<ref>[http://www.aticourses.com/global_positioning_system.htm The Global Positioning System by Robert A. Nelson Via Satellite], November 1999</ref> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another relativistic effect to be compensated for in GPS observation processing is the [[Sagnac effect]]. The GPS time scale is defined in an [[inertial]] system but observations are processed in an [[ECEF|Earth-centered, Earth-fixed]] (co-rotating) system; a system in which [[simultaneity]] is not uniquely defined. The [[Lorentz transformation]] between the two systems modifies the signal run time, a correction having opposite algebraic signs for satellites in the Eastern and Western celestial hemispheres. Ignoring this effect will produce an East-West error on the order of hundreds of nanoseconds, or tens of meters in position.<ref>Ashby, Neil [http://www.ipgp.jussieu.fr/~tarantola/Files/Professional/GPS/Neil_Ashby_Relativity_GPS.pdf Relativity and GPS]. [[Physics Today]], May 2002.</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another relativistic effect to be compensated for in GPS observation processing is the [[Sagnac effect]]. The GPS time scale is defined in an [[inertial]] system but observations are processed in an [[ECEF|Earth-centered, Earth-fixed]] (co-rotating) system; a system in which [[simultaneity]] is not uniquely defined. The [[Lorentz transformation]] between the two systems modifies the signal run time, a correction having opposite algebraic signs for satellites in the Eastern and Western celestial hemispheres. Ignoring this effect will produce an East-West error on the order of hundreds of nanoseconds, or tens of meters in position.<ref>Ashby, Neil [http://www.ipgp.jussieu.fr/~tarantola/Files/Professional/GPS/Neil_Ashby_Relativity_GPS.pdf Relativity and GPS]. [[Physics Today]], May 2002.</ref></div></td></tr>
</table>Bot egel