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First aid can also be performed on animals other than humans, although this article refers specifically to human first aid
First aid can also be performed on animals other than humans, although this article refers specifically to human first aid


==History==
== History ==
The [[Knights Hospitaller]] were probably the first to specialize in battlefield care for the wounded. Similarly, knights founded the Order of St. John in the 11th century to train other knights specifically how to treat common battlefield injuries.<ref>[http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=52749  First Aid: From Witchdoctors & Religious Knights to Modern Doctors], retrieved [[December 10]], [[2006]].</ref>  [[St. John Ambulance]] was formed in 1877 to teach first aid (a term devised by the order) in large railway centres and mining districts. The order and its training began to spread throughout the [[British Empire]] and [[Europe]].<ref>[http://www.sja.org.uk/history/victorian_britain.asp Industrial Revolution: St. John Ambulance], retrieved [[December 10]], [[2006]].</ref>  As well, in 1859 Henry Dunant helped organize villagers in [[Switzerland]] to help victims of the Battle of Solferino.  Four years later, four nations met in [[Geneva]] and formed the organization which has grown into the [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement|Red Cross]].  Developments in first aid and many other medical techniques have been fueled in large by wars: the [[American Civil War]] prompted [[Clara Barton]] to organize the [[American Red Cross]].<ref>[http://www.redcross.org/museum/registry/profile.asp?id=33 American Red Cross -- Museum], retrieved [[December 10]]. [[2006]].</ref> Today, there are several groups that promote first aid, such as the [[military]] and the [[Scouting]] movement.  New techniques and equipment have helped make today's first aid simple and effective.
The [[Knights Hospitaller]] were probably the first to specialize in battlefield care for the wounded. Similarly, knights founded the Order of St. John in the 11th century to train other knights specifically how to treat common battlefield injuries.<ref>[http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=52749  First Aid: From Witchdoctors & Religious Knights to Modern Doctors], retrieved [[December 10]], [[2006]].</ref>  St. John Ambulance was formed in 1877 to teach first aid (a term devised by the order) in large railway centres and mining districts. The order and its training began to spread throughout the British Empire and Europe.<ref>[http://www.sja.org.uk/history/victorian_britain.asp Industrial Revolution: St. John Ambulance], retrieved [[December 10]], [[2006]].</ref>  As well, in 1859 Henry Dunant helped organize villagers in Switzerland to help victims of the Battle of Solferino.  Four years later, four nations met in Geneva and formed the organization which has grown into the [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement|Red Cross]].  Developments in first aid and many other medical techniques have been fueled in large by wars: the American Civil War prompted [[Clara Barton]] to organize the American Red Cross.<ref>[http://www.redcross.org/museum/registry/profile.asp?id=33 American Red Cross -- Museum], retrieved [[December 10]]. [[2006]].</ref> Today, there are several groups that promote first aid, such as the military and the [[Scouting]] movement.  New techniques and equipment have helped make today's first aid simple and effective.


==Aims==
== Aims ==
The 3 main aims of first aid, commonly referred to as the "3 P's" are:
The 3 main aims of first aid, commonly referred to as the "3 P's" are:
*'''Preserve life'''
*'''Preserve life'''
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In addition, some trainers may also advocate a 4th 'P' - '''Protect yourself''', although this is not technically an 'aim' of providing first aid, and some people would consider that it is adequately covered by 'Prevent further injury' as this is to the casualty, yourself or others.
In addition, some trainers may also advocate a 4th 'P' - '''Protect yourself''', although this is not technically an 'aim' of providing first aid, and some people would consider that it is adequately covered by 'Prevent further injury' as this is to the casualty, yourself or others.


==Training==
== Training ==
Much of first aid is common sense, and people are almost certain to learn some elements as they go through their life (such as knowing to apply a plaster to a small cut on a finger)
Much of first aid is common sense, and people are almost certain to learn some elements as they go through their life (such as knowing to apply a plaster to a small cut on a finger)


However, effective life saving first aid needs hands-on training by experts, especially where it relates to potentially fatal illnesses and injuries, such as those that require [[Cardiopulmonary resuscitation]] (CPR), as the procedures may be invasive, and carry a risk of further injury to the patient - which the '3 aims' of first aid above, clearly try to avoid.   
However, effective life saving first aid needs hands-on training by experts, especially where it relates to potentially fatal illnesses and injuries, such as those that require Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), as the procedures may be invasive, and carry a risk of further injury to the patient - which the '3 aims' of first aid above, clearly try to avoid.   


As with any training, it is more useful if it occurs ''before'' an actual emergency, although in many countries, emergency [[ambulance]] dispatchers will give basic first aid instructions over the phone whilst the ambulance is on its way.   
As with any training, it is more useful if it occurs ''before'' an actual emergency, although in many countries, emergency ambulance dispatchers will give basic first aid instructions over the phone whilst the ambulance is on its way.   


To be adequately trained, a person must attend a course (hopefully leading to a qualification recognised in their country), but then, due to regular changes in procedures and protocols, based on updated clinical knowledge, must attend regular refresher courses or  recertifications in order to ensure they are doing the best for their patient (and in some countries, to minimise the chance of being held liable for further injury or deterioration)
To be adequately trained, a person must attend a course (hopefully leading to a qualification recognised in their country), but then, due to regular changes in procedures and protocols, based on updated clinical knowledge, must attend regular refresher courses or  recertifications in order to ensure they are doing the best for their patient (and in some countries, to minimise the chance of being held liable for further injury or deterioration)


Training in first aid is often available through community organizations such as the [[Red Cross]] and [[St. John Ambulance]], or through commercial providers, who will train people for a fee.  This commercial training is most common for training of employees to perform first aid in their workplace.  Many community organisations, such as the ones above, also provide a commercial service, which complements their community programmes.
Training in first aid is often available through community organizations such as the Red Cross and St. John Ambulance, or through commercial providers, who will train people for a fee.  This commercial training is most common for training of employees to perform first aid in their workplace.  Many community organisations, such as the ones above, also provide a commercial service, which complements their community programmes.


==Key First Aid Skills==
== Key First Aid Skills ==
There are certain skills which can be regarded as core, regardless of where or how first aid is taught.  These should always be treated in the order of priority, usually given by the "3 B's"
There are certain skills which can be regarded as core, regardless of where or how first aid is taught.  These should always be treated in the order of priority, usually given by the "3 B's"
* Breathing
* Breathing
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This means that any first aider should first seek to treat any problems with Breathing, before attempting to deal with a bleed or broken bone (which is not to say that they should not be considered at the time - such as in the case of a spinal injury, where a variation on the technique can be used to open the airway)
This means that any first aider should first seek to treat any problems with Breathing, before attempting to deal with a bleed or broken bone (which is not to say that they should not be considered at the time - such as in the case of a spinal injury, where a variation on the technique can be used to open the airway)


===Preserving Life===
=== Preserving Life ===
As the key skill to first aid is preserving life, the single most important training a first aider can receive is in the primary diagnosis and care of an unconscious or unresponsive patient.  The most common [[mnemonic]] used to remember the procedure for this is [[ABC (first aid)|ABC]], which stands for '''[[Airway]]''', '''[[Breathing]]''' and '''[[Circulation]]'''
As the key skill to first aid is preserving life, the single most important training a first aider can receive is in the primary diagnosis and care of an unconscious or unresponsive patient.  The most common [[mnemonic]] used to remember the procedure for this is [[ABC (first aid)|ABC]], which stands for '''[[Airway]]''', '''[[Breathing]]''' and '''Circulation'''


In order to preserve life, all persons require to have an open airway - a clear passage where air can move in through the [[mouth]] or [[nose]] through the [[pharynx]] and down in to the lungs, without obstruction.  [[Conscious]] people will maintain their own airway automatically, but those who are unconscious (with a [[Glasgow coma scale|GCS]] of 3) may be unable to maintain a patent airway, as the part of the brain which normally autonomously controls this, may not be functioning.
In order to preserve life, all persons require to have an open airway - a clear passage where air can move in through the [[mouth]] or [[nose]] through the [[pharynx]] and down in to the lungs, without obstruction.  [[Conscious]] people will maintain their own airway automatically, but those who are unconscious (with a [[Glasgow coma scale|GCS]] of 3) may be unable to maintain a patent airway, as the part of the brain which normally autonomously controls this, may not be functioning.
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The airway can also become blocked through a foreign object becoming lodged in the pharynx or larynx, commonly called [[choking]].  The first aider will be taught to deal with this through a combination of 'back slaps' and 'abdominal thrusts'
The airway can also become blocked through a foreign object becoming lodged in the pharynx or larynx, commonly called [[choking]].  The first aider will be taught to deal with this through a combination of 'back slaps' and 'abdominal thrusts'


Once the airway has been opened, the first aider would assess to see if the patient is breathing.  If there is no breathing, or the patient is not breathing normally, such as [[agonal breathing]], the first aider would undertake what is probably the most recognised first aid procedure - [[Cardiopulmonary resuscitation]] or CPR, which involves breathing for the patient, and manually massaging the heart to promote blood flow around the body.
Once the airway has been opened, the first aider would assess to see if the patient is breathing.  If there is no breathing, or the patient is not breathing normally, such as [[agonal breathing]], the first aider would undertake what is probably the most recognised first aid procedure - Cardiopulmonary resuscitation or CPR, which involves breathing for the patient, and manually massaging the heart to promote blood flow around the body.


===Promoting Recovery===
=== Promoting Recovery ===
The first aider is also likely to be trained in dealing with injuries such as [[cuts]], [[grazes]] or [[broken bones]].  They may be able to deal with the situation in its entirety (a small plaster on a paper cut), or may be required to maintain the condition of something like a broken bone, until the next stage of definitive care (usually an [[ambulance]]) arrives
The first aider is also likely to be trained in dealing with injuries such as [[cuts]], [[grazes]] or [[broken bones]].  They may be able to deal with the situation in its entirety (a small plaster on a paper cut), or may be required to maintain the condition of something like a broken bone, until the next stage of definitive care (usually an ambulance) arrives


==First Aid Symbols==
== First Aid Symbols ==
Although commonly associated with first aid, the symbol of a red cross is an official symbol of the [[Red Cross]].  According to the [[Geneva Conventions]] and other international law, the use of this symbol is reserved for official agencies of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent, and as a protective emblem for medical personnel and facilities in combat situations.  Use by any other person or organisation is illegal, and may lead to prosecution
Although commonly associated with first aid, the symbol of a red cross is an official symbol of the Red Cross.  According to the [[Geneva Conventions]] and other international law, the use of this symbol is reserved for official agencies of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent, and as a protective emblem for medical personnel and facilities in combat situations.  Use by any other person or organisation is illegal, and may lead to prosecution


The internationally accepted symbol for first aid is the White Cross on a Green background shown at the start of the page.
The internationally accepted symbol for first aid is the White Cross on a Green background shown at the start of the page.


Some first aiders or first aid organisations may also use the [[Star of Life]] device, although this is more often associated with professional [[Ambulance]] crews.
Some first aiders or first aid organisations may also use the [[Star of Life]] device, although this is more often associated with professional Ambulance crews.


==First Aid training around the world==
== First Aid training around the world ==
===United Kingdom===
=== United Kingdom ===
In the '''United Kingdom''', there are two main types of first aid courses offered. An "Emergency Aid for Appointed Persons" course typically lasts one day, and covers the basics, focusing on critical interventions for conditions such as [[cardiac arrest]] and [[bleeding|severe bleeding]], and is usually not formally assessed. A "First Aid at Work" course is a four-day course (two days for a requalification) that covers the full spectrum of first aid, and is formally assessed. Certificates for the "[[First Aid at Work]]" course are issued by the training organisation and are valid for a period of three years from the date the delegate passes the course. Other courses offered by training organisations such as [[St John Ambulance]], [[St. Andrew's Ambulance Association]] or the [[British Red Cross]] include Baby & Child Courses, manual handling, people moving, and courses geared towards more advanced life support, such as [[defibrillation]] and administration of medical gases such as [[oxygen]] & [[entonox]]).
In the '''United Kingdom''', there are two main types of first aid courses offered. An "Emergency Aid for Appointed Persons" course typically lasts one day, and covers the basics, focusing on critical interventions for conditions such as [[cardiac arrest]] and severe bleeding, and is usually not formally assessed. A "First Aid at Work" course is a four-day course (two days for a requalification) that covers the full spectrum of first aid, and is formally assessed. Certificates for the "[[First Aid at Work]]" course are issued by the training organisation and are valid for a period of three years from the date the delegate passes the course. Other courses offered by training organisations such as [[St John Ambulance]], [[St. Andrew's Ambulance Association]] or the British Red Cross include Baby & Child Courses, manual handling, people moving, and courses geared towards more advanced life support, such as [[defibrillation]] and administration of medical gases such as oxygen & [[entonox]]).


===Australia===
=== Australia ===
In '''Australia''', First Aid Training can be offered by any organisation accredited by the State Governments. Levels of training available include:
In '''Australia''', First Aid Training can be offered by any organisation accredited by the State Governments. Levels of training available include:
* Level 1 (or Basic First Aid): Covering CPR, severe bleeding and protection of injuries such as broken bones. It typically lasts 1 day.
* Level 1 (or Basic First Aid): Covering CPR, severe bleeding and protection of injuries such as broken bones. It typically lasts 1 day.
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* Other courses outside the general curriculum and levels can also be sought, including Administering Medications (such as the [[Epi-Pen]], Defibrillation and CPR-only courses.
* Other courses outside the general curriculum and levels can also be sought, including Administering Medications (such as the [[Epi-Pen]], Defibrillation and CPR-only courses.


===Ireland===
=== Ireland ===
In Ireland the workplace qualification is the Occupational First Aid Certificate which is validated by the  National Ambulance Training School. They hold the register of all Instructors/Examiners. The certificate is awarded after a three day course and is valid for three years from date of issue. Organisations offering the certificate include; the Irish Red Cross, Order of Malta, LTS First Aid Specialists, and the St John Ambulance.
In Ireland the workplace qualification is the Occupational First Aid Certificate which is validated by the  National Ambulance Training School. They hold the register of all Instructors/Examiners. The certificate is awarded after a three day course and is valid for three years from date of issue. Organisations offering the certificate include; the Irish Red Cross, Order of Malta, LTS First Aid Specialists, and the St John Ambulance.


==Specific first aid disciplines==
== Specific first aid disciplines ==
There are several types of first aid (and first aider) which require specific additional training.  These are usually undertaken to fulfill the demands of the work or activity undertaken.
There are several types of first aid (and first aider) which require specific additional training.  These are usually undertaken to fulfill the demands of the work or activity undertaken.


*'''[[Wilderness first aid]]''' is the provision of first aid under conditions where the arrival of emergency responders or the evacuation of an injured person may be delayed due to constraints of terrain, weather, and available persons or equipment.  It may be necessary to care for an injured person for several hours or days.
*'''[[Wilderness first aid]]''' is the provision of first aid under conditions where the arrival of emergency responders or the evacuation of an injured person may be delayed due to constraints of terrain, weather, and available persons or equipment.  It may be necessary to care for an injured person for several hours or days.
*'''Aquatic first aid''' - Usually practised by professionals such as [[Lifeguards]], and covers the specific problems which may be faced after water based rescue
*'''Aquatic first aid''' - Usually practised by professionals such as Lifeguards, and covers the specific problems which may be faced after water based rescue
*'''[[Hyperbaric medicine|Hyperbaric]] first aid''' - Which may be practised by [[SCUBA]] diving professionals, who need to treat conditions such as [[The bends]]
*'''[[Hyperbaric medicine|Hyperbaric]] first aid''' - Which may be practised by SCUBA diving professionals, who need to treat conditions such as [[The bends]]
*'''[[Battlefield medicine|Battlefield first aid]]''' - This takes in to account the specific needs of treating wounded combatants and non-combatants during armed conflict
*'''[[Battlefield medicine|Battlefield first aid]]''' - This takes in to account the specific needs of treating wounded combatants and non-combatants during armed conflict


==Conditions that often require first aid==
== Conditions that often require first aid ==
Also see [[medical emergency]]
Also see medical emergency


*[[Altitude sickness]], which can begin in susceptible people at altitudes as low as 5,000 feet, can cause potentially fatal [[cerebral edema|swelling of the brain]] or [[pulmonary edema|lungs]].   
*Altitude sickness, which can begin in susceptible people at altitudes as low as 5,000 feet, can cause potentially fatal [[cerebral edema|swelling of the brain]] or [[pulmonary edema|lungs]].   
*[[Anaphylaxis]], a life-threatening condition in which the airway can become constricted and the patient may go into [[shock]].  The reaction can be caused by a systemic allergic reaction to [[allergen]]s such as insect bites or peanuts. Anaphylaxis is initially treated with injection of  [[epinephrine]].
*[[Anaphylaxis]], a life-threatening condition in which the airway can become constricted and the patient may go into [[shock]].  The reaction can be caused by a systemic allergic reaction to [[allergen]]s such as insect bites or peanuts. Anaphylaxis is initially treated with injection of  epinephrine.
*[[Battle]]field First aid - After the [[September 11 Attacks|9-11 terrorist attack]], this protocol refers to treating shrapnel, gunshot wounds, burns, bone fractures, etc. as seen either in the battlefield or in the affected area resulting from a terrorist attack.
*[[Battle]]field First aid - After the [[September 11 Attacks|9-11 terrorist attack]], this protocol refers to treating shrapnel, gunshot wounds, burns, bone fractures, etc. as seen either in the battlefield or in the affected area resulting from a terrorist attack.
*[[Bone fracture]], a break in a bone initially treated by stabilizing the fracture with a [[splint (medical)|splint]].
*[[Bone fracture]], a break in a bone initially treated by stabilizing the fracture with a [[splint (medical)|splint]].
*[[Burn (injury)|Burns]], which can result in damage to tissues and loss of body fluids through the burn site.
*[[Burn (injury)|Burns]], which can result in damage to tissues and loss of body fluids through the burn site.
*[[Choking]], blockage of the airway which can quickly result in death due to lack of [[oxygen]] if the patient's trachea is not cleared, for example by the [[Heimlich maneuver]].
*[[Choking]], blockage of the airway which can quickly result in death due to lack of oxygen if the patient's trachea is not cleared, for example by the [[Heimlich maneuver]].
*[[Childbirth]].
*[[Childbirth]].
*[[Cramp]]s in muscles due to lactic acid buildup caused either by inadequate oxygenation of muscle or lack of water or salt.
*[[Cramp]]s in muscles due to lactic acid buildup caused either by inadequate oxygenation of muscle or lack of water or salt.
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*Gender specific conditions, such as [[Dysmenorrhea]] and [[Testicular torsion]].
*Gender specific conditions, such as [[Dysmenorrhea]] and [[Testicular torsion]].
*[[myocardial infarction|Heart attack]], or inadequate blood flow to the blood vessels supplying the heart muscle.
*[[myocardial infarction|Heart attack]], or inadequate blood flow to the blood vessels supplying the heart muscle.
*Heat stroke, also known as sunstroke or [[hyperthermia]], which tends to occur during heavy exercise in high humidity, or with inadequate water, though it may occur spontaneously in some chronically ill persons.  Sunstroke, especially when the victim has been unconscious, often causes major damage to body systems such as brain, kidney, liver, gastric tract.  [[coma|Unconsciousness]] for more than two hours usually leads to permanent disability.  Emergency treatment involves rapid cooling of the patient.
*Heat stroke, also known as sunstroke or hyperthermia, which tends to occur during heavy exercise in high humidity, or with inadequate water, though it may occur spontaneously in some chronically ill persons.  Sunstroke, especially when the victim has been unconscious, often causes major damage to body systems such as brain, kidney, liver, gastric tract.  [[coma|Unconsciousness]] for more than two hours usually leads to permanent disability.  Emergency treatment involves rapid cooling of the patient.
*[[Heat syncope]], another stage in the same process as heat stroke, occurs under similar conditions as heat stroke and is not distinguished from the latter by some authorities.   
*[[Heat syncope]], another stage in the same process as heat stroke, occurs under similar conditions as heat stroke and is not distinguished from the latter by some authorities.   
*[[Hemorrhage]], or heavy bleeding, treated by applying pressure (manually and later with a [[pressure bandage]]) to the wound site and elevating the limb if possible.
*[[Hemorrhage]], or heavy bleeding, treated by applying pressure (manually and later with a pressure bandage) to the wound site and elevating the limb if possible.
*[[Hyperglycemia]], or [[diabetic coma]].
*[[Hyperglycemia]], or [[diabetic coma]].
*[[Hypoglycemia]], or [[insulin shock]].
*[[Hypoglycemia]], or insulin shock.
*[[Hypothermia]], or exposure, occurs when a person's core body temperature falls below 33.7°C (92.6°F).  First aid for a mildly hypothermic patient includes rewarming, but rewarming a severely hypothermic person could result in a fatal [[arrhythmia]], an irregular heart rhythm.   
*[[Hypothermia]], or exposure, occurs when a person's core body temperature falls below 33.7°C (92.6°F).  First aid for a mildly hypothermic patient includes rewarming, but rewarming a severely hypothermic person could result in a fatal [[arrhythmia]], an irregular heart rhythm.   
*Insect and animal [[bite (medicine)|bites]] and stings.
*Insect and animal [[bite (medicine)|bites]] and stings.
*[[Strain (injury)|Muscle strain]].
*[[Strain (injury)|Muscle strain]].
*[[Poisoning]], which can occur by injection, inhalation, absorption, or ingestion.
*[[Poisoning]], which can occur by injection, inhalation, absorption, or ingestion.
*[[Sprain]], a temporary [[dislocation]] of a [[joint (anatomy)|joint]] that immediately reduces automatically but may result in ligament damage.
*Sprain, a temporary [[dislocation]] of a [[joint (anatomy)|joint]] that immediately reduces automatically but may result in ligament damage.
*[[Stroke]], a temporary loss of blood supply to the brain.
*Stroke, a temporary loss of blood supply to the brain.
*[[Pneumothorax|Sucking chest wound]], a life threatening hole in the chest which can cause the chest cavity to fill with air and prevent the lung from filling, treated by covering with an [[occlusive dressing]] to let air out but not in.
*Sucking chest wound, a life threatening hole in the chest which can cause the chest cavity to fill with air and prevent the lung from filling, treated by covering with an [[occlusive dressing]] to let air out but not in.
*[[Toothache]], which can result in severe pain and loss of the tooth but is rarely life threatening.
*Toothache, which can result in severe pain and loss of the tooth but is rarely life threatening.
*[[Wound]]s and [[bleeding]], including [[laceration]], [[incision]] and [[abrasion]], and [[avulsion]].
*Wounds and bleeding, including [[laceration]], [[incision]] and [[abrasion]], and [[avulsion]].


==See also==
== See also ==
* [[Ambulance]]
* Ambulance
* [[Artificial respiration]]
* [[Artificial respiration]]
* [[Cardiopulmonary resuscitation]] (CPR)
* Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
* [[Occlusive dressing]]
* [[Occlusive dressing]]
* [[Oxygen first aid]]
* Oxygen first aid
* [[Triage]]
* [[Triage]]
* [[Tourniquet]]
* [[Tourniquet]]
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* [[Recovery position]]
* [[Recovery position]]


==References==
== References ==
<references />
<references />


==External links==
== External links ==
{{wikibookspar||First Aid}}
{{wikibookspar||First Aid}}
*[http://www.cdc.gov/nasd/menu/topic/firstaid.html U.S.A. Center for Disease Control first aid]  
*[http://www.cdc.gov/nasd/menu/topic/firstaid.html U.S.A. Center for Disease Control first aid]  
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{{Emergency medicine}}
{{Emergency medicine}}


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[[Category:Scoutcraft]]


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