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The '''Scout method''' is the progressive system designed to achieve the goals of the [[Scouting]] organizations. The [[World Organization of the Scout Movement]] (WOSM) describes the Scouting movement as "...a voluntary nonpolitical educational movement for young people open to all without distinction of origin, race or creed" with the goals of contributing to the "...development of young people<br />
in achieving their full physical, intellectual, social and spiritual potentials as individuals,<br />
as responsible citizens and as members of their local, national and international communities."<ref name="constitution">{{cite web | url=http://www.scout.org/en/content/download/5624/54319/file/const_en.pdf | title=Constitution of WOSM | format=PDF | publisher=World Organization of the Scout Movement | accessdate=2006-07-10 | pages=p. 2-15}}</ref><br />
<br />
Scouting organisations include those affiliated with the [[World Organization of the Scout Movement]] (WOSM), the [[World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts]] (WAGGGS) and the [[World Federation of Independent Scouts]] (WFIS). Other youth organisations may follow the Scout method closely or in part. <br />
<br />
== Elements of the scouting method == <br />
The [[World Organization of the Scout Movement]] (WOSM) describes the "Scouting Method" as being composed of several different educational tools.<ref name="goodturn"/> These are: <br />
* a law and promise, <br />
* learning by doing, <br />
* a team system, <br />
* a symbolic framework, <br />
* personal progression, <br />
* nature and <br />
* adult support.<br />
<br />
The fact that all of these different tools are used as part of the education system is what makes the Scouting method unique.<br />
<br />
== Principles ==<br />
The principles of the Scouting movement describe a code of behavior that applies to all members and characterizes the movement. The [[World Organization of the Scout Movement]] (WOSM) designates the following three basic principles as obligations:<ref name="goodturn">{{cite web | year = 1998 | url = http://www.scout.org/en/content/download/3899/34684/file/ScoutEducSyst_E.pdf | title = Scouting: An Educational System | format = PDF | publisher = World Organization of the Scout Movement | accessdate = 2007-01-13 | pages = p. 9}}</ref><br />
*Duty to God (or a higher power)<br />
*Duty to others <br />
*Duty to self<br />
<br />
These principles are guidelines which give direction to the overall educational policy of Scouting, "...to the educational approach used with young people and to the way in which the elements of the Scout Method are used so as to give constructive and coherent direction to the development ofthe young person." <ref name="goodturn"/><br />
<br />
== Details of the Method ==<br />
[[Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell|Robert Baden-Powell]] built into Scouting some innovative educational principles, which forms the Scout method. This method was the higher aim of Scouting, so was compulsory (in contrast to the Scout game). The method included educational tools that the Scoutmaster could judge for himself how to apply to be successful in his own particular Troop. By decentralisation the local leader got therefore a free hand. The principles of the method were a target, so it did not matter so much whether to actually achieve the highest ideals, as long they were high.<ref name="AtS">{{cite book | last = Baden-Powell | first = Robert | authorlink = Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell | year=1919 | url = http://www.wakan.cz/download/Knihy/Aids_to_Scoutmastership.pdf | title = Aids to Scoutmastership, World Brotherhood Edition | format = PDF | publisher = The National Council Boy Scouts of Canada | accessdate = 2007-01-07 | pages = pp. 5, 13, 25}}</ref> Although the method is nowadays equally applicable to boy and girl Scouting one must take into account that the original principles were designed for boys in the Scout-age.<br />
<br />
The most important original principles were:<br />
* The first condition for Scouting is an attractive game, but hidden in this game should be an educational goal. The game must be exciting, but at the same time a Scout should learn from it.<ref name="VoL">{{cite book | last = Baden-Powell | first = Robert | authorlink = Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell | year = 1933 | url = http://www.pinetreeweb.com/bp-varsity10-1.htm | title = Lessons from the Varsity of Life, Chapter X | format = htm | work = | publisher = | accessdate = 2007-01-07}}</ref> There should be no preaching. [<ref name="AtS" /> 13]<br />
<br />
* Scouting is not a high standard of knowledge or only an attractive game, which are merely steps. The final test of success of its education is: "Are they really healthy, happy, helpful citizen".<ref name="SfB">{{cite book | last = Baden-Powell | first = Robert | authorlink = Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell | year = 1926 | title = [[Scouting for Boys]] | pages = p331}}</ref><br />
<br />
* '''The Scout law and promise'''. The [[Scout law]], acts as a guide to the Scout's actions, rather than a "repression of his faults." The Scout law is therefore not a list of prohibitions but together with the [[Scout promise]] (Oath) a commitment to a code of living.<ref name="VoL" /><br />
** '''Prohibition'''. Scouting does not prohibit a bad habit, but instead gives more exciting, better alternatives, that will absorb the Scout's attention and gradually lead him to forget the old habit.[<ref name="AtS" /> 31] The reason is that "prohibition generally invites evasion since it challenges the spirit inherent in every red-blooded boy. The boy is not governed by DON'T, but is led on by DO."<ref name="VoL" /><br />
**The '''[[Scout Law]]''' is a code of living based on Scouting’s principles. It is a personal code of living in that it serves as a reference, guiding the way in which each member of the movement lives his or her life today, and guiding the direction of development for tomorrow. It is also a collective code of living in that it is the basis on which the Scout unit functions. The Scout Law is therefore at the heart of the '''Scout method'''.<ref name="constitution" /><br />
** '''Spirituality'''. A Scout should be spiritual but Scouting is open to all religions. Scouting deals with religions in the practical way: by nature study and helping others which, according Baden-Powell, was part of all religions. Scouting did this by education in life-saving techniques but also by the daily good turn. <br />
** '''Good turns'''. The concept of doing a "Good Turn" is key component of all Scouting movements. In many Scouting associations it is embodied in their Scout oath, law, motto, or slogan; such as the [[Boy Scouts of America]]'s (BSA) Scout Slogan, which is ''Do a Good Turn Daily''. The intention of this good turn was not so much the turn itself, which could be minor, but to teach the Scout to always pay attention and recognize if he could help someone.[<ref name="AtS" /> 36, 64, 65]<br />
<br />
* '''Learning by doing'''. The Scout game is full of practical action. In the first place because this interests the Scout, secondly because only during practising on its own the Scout will get experience how theory works. Although Baden-Powel put emphasis on practical work and on the Scout learning by himself, he does not rule out instruction by leaders or in books. The phrase "Learning by doing" is nowadays much used in Scouting (although difficult to find in Baden-Powells writings) but could tend to be misused as Learning by ''only'' doing, opposing the need of instruction.<br />
<br />
* '''Individual in a group (Patrol system or method)'''. Scouts are organised in small groups because this is the natural way boys work together.[<ref name="AtS" /> 18] These small patrols are therefore more important than the Troop and must be kept intact under all circumstances.[<ref name="AtS" /> 49] In a Patrol, the Scouts learn to work together. The Patrol leader learns responsibility for others and therefore also gives in part of personal interest.[<ref name="AtS" /> 24] Scouts get this opportunity to learn leadership at a much younger age than is available outside Scouting. But a Scout has his own identity within the group and learns as an individual. Scouting deals with the individual, not with the Company.[<ref name="AtS" /> 21, 15]<br />
<br />
* '''Symbolic framework''' builds on a Scout's natural capacity for imagination, adventure, creativity and inventiveness and serves, for example, to stimulate the development of a sense of identity, cohesiveness and solidarity within the group.<br />
** '''Imagination '''. Scouting plays on the imagination of the Scout, who loves to "make-believe", thus the Scouting themes of imaginative worlds of adventurers, like backwoodsmen, pioneers, sailors and airmen.[<ref name="AtS" /> 21] It is a non-serious world, taken serious, as the reader of a book or spectator of a movie, who voluntarily make-believes that what he reads or sees is real, while at the same time knowing it is not. The Scout identifies with the personal qualities and collective way of life shown in the symbolic framework, and this can have an impact on the Scout's physical, social and spiritual development. Baden-Powell did build into Scouting a somewhat strange, theatrical and non-serious environment, by words with strange meanings, yells, songs and customs. In essence the uniform is also part of this theatre.<br />
<br />
* '''Personal progression''' focuses specifically on helping each Scout to be consciously and actively involved in his or her own development of knowledge, skills and attitudes in all areas and the development of the whole person as an individual and as a member of society. When the Scout's personal progress meets the general requirements of the stage of progression, he or she formally passes on to the next stage.<br />
** '''Self-reliance'''. Baden-Powell wanted a Scout to learn to make his own decisions, without solely following his comrades or leaders as a herd. This would make the boy a man. Baden-Powell wrote that (symbolically) a Scout should paddle his own canoe. Not in a rowing boat, with his back to where he goes, rowed by others and someone else at the rudder, but alone in a canoe: facing the future, paddling and steering by himself <ref name="RtS">{{cite book | last = Baden-Powell | first = Robert | authorlink = Robert Baden-Powell | coauthors = | year = 1930 | url = | title = Rovering to Success | pages = 22 | publisher = | accessdate = | accessyear = }}, </ref>. Scouting teaches self-reliance by bringing the Scouts into a challenging, so somewhat risky, environment, without help in the direct neighbourhood. Therefore (while at same time it is attractive) the program is based on an adult, adventurous outdoor life. "A man's job cut down to boy's size."[<ref name="AtS" /> 32, 15]<br />
** '''Self-governing'''. Giving responsibility to the Scouts is the keystone of Scouting. The Scoutmaster is instructed to "''expect'' him to carry out his charge faithfully. Don't keep prying to see how he does. Let him do it his own way. Let him come a howler over it if need be, but in any case leave him alone". The Patrol is therefore almost independent while the Troop is run by the Patrol Leaders in the Patrols' Leaders Council and Court of Honour.[<ref name="AtS" /> 24, 32] This changes also the role of the leader: "I had stipulated that the position of Scoutmaster was to be neither that of a schoolmaster nor of a commander Officer, but rather that of an elder brother among his boys, not detached or above them individually, able to inspire their efforts and to suggest new diversions when his finger on their pulse told him the attraction of any present craze was wearing off."<ref name="VoL" /> Scouting leaders should not direct, but guide (and check on safety).<br />
** '''Badge system'''. Achievement in Scouting is recognized with Class- and Proficiency (Merit) badges. With Class badges the Scout learns the techniques needed for of the Scout game with a final test to make a journey by its own. Proficiency badges are intended to encourage the Scout to learn a subject which could be his work or hobby, so cover many different types of activities not related to the Scouting game. The badge signifies that the Scout has made some progress not that they have mastered the skill.[<ref name="AtS" /> 56].<br />
** '''Self-learning'''. Education in Scouting should give a Scout the ambition and desire to learn by himself, which is more valuable than only instruction by leaders. This is done by suggesting that the Scout undertake activities that attract him individually. Those could be selected from the suggestions in [[Scouting for Boys]].[<ref name="AtS" /> 16, 60]<br />
** '''Non-competitive and individual'''. "Scouting is not a formal scheme of serious instruction in efficiency". The badges signify not a certain quality of knowledge or skill as "the amount of effort the Scout puts into his work." The goal is to inspire ''every'' Scout, even the clumsy ones, to learn, therefore education in Scouting is non-competitive and individual. The goal is not the quality of the whole group, but every Scout should get attention to proceed on his own level. The standards were therefore purposely undefined. Class- and proficiency badges were not a final goal; but a first step which gives a Scout confidence to proceed by himself.[<ref name="AtS" /> 28, 57] Also the Scouts should learn because they like the subject, not just in competition to be better than others.<br />
<br />
* '''Example of the leader'''. An important part of Scouting education is the personal example of the leader. The Scout is impressed by the leader because of his age, his knowledge, his position as a leader and if he does it right, the leader will be popular. For the Scout the leader will be an attractive goal to reach for, so he will follow his example. The Scoutmaster living the Scout law will therefore have more influence than talking about it. In the boys' eyes it is what a man ''does'' that counts and not so much what he says.[<ref name="AtS" /> 4, 38]<br />
<br />
==Patrol method (or system) ==<br />
The ''patrol method'' (or ''system'') is the essential feature of the [[Scouting|Scout]] Movement, and has sometimes been described as "using the gang mentality for educational purposes."{{Fact|date=February 2007}} "'''The Patrol is the character school for the individual'''. To the Patrol Leader it gives practise in Responsibility and in the qualities of Leadership. To the Scouts it gives subordination of self to the interests of the whole, the elements of self-denial and self-control mvolved in the team spirit of cooperation and good comradeship."[<ref name="AtS"/> 24]<br />
<br />
The patrol is a very powerful motivator and for this reason it is essential that Scout patrols are subject to an Honor Court (the patrol leaders in a troop form its Honor Court, along with the Scout leader.)<ref name="AtS"/> Baden-Powell was not the first to realize that peers are powerful tools in education, and the [[prefect]] system of the English Public school (Cf. [[Tom Brown's School Days]]) is probably where Baden-Powell had seen it in operation.<br />
<br />
A patrol consists of about 6-8 Scouts: the number varies<ref name="AtS"/> but the standard sized patrol [[tent]] sleeps six comfortably. There will be a patrol leader and a second or assistant patrol leader. In some Troops, particularly larger ones, a senior patrol leader is nominated to perform certain functions at meetings. These are usually the oldest in the Scout troop, but age is not the necessary requirement. The patrol will also have a name, usually an animal e.g. fox patrol.<br />
<br />
Younger sections, such as Cub Scouts and Beaver Scouts, are also divided into similar groupings, called sixes (Cubs) or lodges (Beavers). While Beaver lodges have no leader structure within them, Cub sixes have a sixer and seconder.<br />
<br />
== Rationale behind the Scout method ==<br />
The Scout Law embodies the joint values of the Scouting movement all over the world which binds all Scouting associations together. The emphasis on "Learning by doing" provides experiences and hands on orientation as a practical method of learning and confidence building. Small groups build unity and a close-knit fraternal atmosphere to develop responsibility, character, self-reliance and self-confidence, reliability, and readiness; which eventually leads to collaboration and leadership. A program of progressive and attractive varying activities expands a Scouts' horizons and bonds the Scout even more to the group. Activities and games develop dexterities and provides a fun way to develop skills. In an outdoor setting, these also provide contact with nature and the environment.<br />
<br />
These principles are equally applicable to boy and girl Scouting. Common ways to implement the Scout method include:<br />
*Regular hours spent in firm groups<br />
*Development of joint ritual<br />
*Common uniform<br />
*Tenting together<br />
*Camping, hiking, backpacking, and other activities done together in the outdoors<br />
*Domestic and international travel in a group, especially when encountering other Scout groups<br />
*Equal participation of all in decision-making processes at the youth level<br />
*Service to the community and developing good citizenship<br />
*Cultivating a love of the outdoors<br />
*[[Scoutcraft]]<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
*[[Scout Spirit]]<br />
*[[Scoutcraft]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<div class="references-small"><br />
<references /><br />
</div><br />
<br />
[[Category:Scouting]]<br />
<br />
[[fi:Partiomenetelmä]]<br />
[[nl:Scoutingmethode]]</div>Caberhttps://en.scoutwiki.org/index.php?title=Knot&diff=13592Knot2008-06-17T17:31:43Z<p>Caber: </p>
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[[Image:Nf knots.png|frame|right|Some knots: 1.&nbsp;[[rope splicing|Splice]] 2.&nbsp;[[Manrope knot|Manrope&nbsp;knot]] 3.&nbsp;[[Granny knot|Granny&nbsp;knot]] 4.&nbsp;[[Rosebud stopper knot|Rosebud&nbsp;stopper&nbsp;knot]](?) 5.&nbsp;[[Matthew Walker knot|Matthew&nbsp;Walker&nbsp;knot]] 6.&nbsp;[[Shroud knot|Shroud&nbsp;knot]] 7.&nbsp;[[Turks head knot|Turks&nbsp;head&nbsp;knot]] 8.&nbsp;[[Overhand knot|Overhand&nbsp;knot]], [[Figure-of-eight knot|Figure-of-eight&nbsp;knot]] 9.&nbsp;[[Reef knot|Reef&nbsp;knot]] or [[Square knot|Square&nbsp;knot]] 10.&nbsp;[[Two half hitches|Two&nbsp;half&nbsp;hitches]] (see&nbsp;[[round turn and two half hitches|round&nbsp;turn&nbsp;and&nbsp;two&nbsp;half&nbsp;hitches]])]]<br />
<br />
A '''knot''' is a method for fastening or securing linear material such as [[rope]] by tying or interweaving. It may consist of a length of one or more segments of rope, string, [[webbing]], [[twine]], [[strap]] or even chain interwoven so as to create in the line the ability to bind to itself or to some other object - the "load". Knots have been the subject of interest both for their ancient origins, common use, and the mathematical implications of<br />
[[knot theory|knot&nbsp;theory]].<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Usage==<br />
<br />
There is a large variety of knots and each knot has specific properties and suitability for a [[Knot#Categories|range of tasks]]. Some knots are well-adapted to attach to particular objects such as another rope, [[cleat]], ring, or stake. Other knots are made to bind or constrict around an object. Decorative knots usually bind to themselves to produce attractive patterns. Choosing the correct knot for the job at hand is one of the most fundamental aspects of using knots well.<br />
<br />
===Learning===<br />
<br />
The number of books, websites, videos, and other resources available to those interested in learning about knots is a testament to the value they hold for humankind. While some people possess an innate ability to look at a diagram or photo and tie the illustrated knot, for others the initial stages of learning are best accomplished by being shown knot tying methods by a person who already knows them. Knot tying skills are often transmitted by [[sailor]]s, [[Scouting|scout]]s, [[climbing|climber]]s, [[caving|caver]]s, [[arborist]]s, [[Firefighter#Rescue|rescue professional]]s, [[fishermen]], and [[surgeons]]. After mastering a few basic knots, the diagrams and photos become easier to interpret and use to continue the learning process. As more knots are learned, patterns begin to become evident in their structure and methods of tying. The learning of knots rewards practice and patience.<br />
<br />
===Applications===<br />
<br />
Knots are essential in many industrial, occupational, recreational, and domestic settings. Even simple activities such as running a load from the hardware store to home can result in disaster if a clumsy twist in a cord passes for a knot. Truckers needing to tie down a load may use a [[trucker's hitch]], gaining [[mechanical advantage]]. Knots can save the [[spelunking|spelunker]] from foolishly becoming buried under millions of tons of rock. Whatever the activity, such as [[sailing]] on the water or [[climbing]] on a cliff-side rock, learning well-tested knots prior to some hazardous activity introduces a critical measure of safety. In addition to safety, appropriate knots can prevent the necessity of cutting lines.<br />
<br />
Knots can be applied in combination to produce complex objects such as [[lanyard]]s and [[Net|netting]]. In [[ropework]], the frayed end of a rope is held together by a type of knot called a [[whipping knot]]. Many types of [[textile]]s use knots to repair damage. [[Macrame]], one kind of textile, is generated exclusively through the use of knotting, instead of [[knitting|knits]], crochets, weaves or felting. Macrame can produce self-supporting three dimensional textile structures, as well as flat work, and is often used ornamentally or decoratively.<br />
<br />
==Properties==<br />
===Strength===<br />
Knots invariably weaken the rope they are made in. When knotted rope<br />
is strained to its breaking point, barring any flaws or damage in<br />
the rope itself, the rope almost always fails in or near the knot. The same bending, crushing, and chafing forces that<br />
produce the friction which holds a knot in place are also responsible for unevenly stressing the rope fibers and ultimately lead to<br />
the reduction of strength. The exact mechanisms that cause the weakening and failure are complex and are the subject of continued study.<br />
<br />
The relative knot strength, also called '''knot efficiency''', is the<br />
breaking strength of a knotted rope expressed as a percentage of the<br />
breaking strength of the rope without the knot. There are many<br />
difficulties in determining an overall numeric knot efficiency for a<br />
given knot. This is due to the many factors that can affect the<br />
results of a knot efficiency test: the type of [[fiber]], the [[Rope#Styles of rope construction|style of<br />
rope]], the size of rope, whether it is wet or dry, how the knot is dressed before loading, how rapidly<br />
the knot is loaded, whether the knot is repeatedly loaded, and so<br />
on. With those limitations noted, and in order to give a sense of how much loss of strength knots cause, most knots in common usage have an efficiency between 40% and 80%.<br />
<br />
While some [[Rope splicing|rope splices]] can retain nearly the full strength of<br />
the rope when forming loops and bends, conventional knots are much more practical in most situations. Thus the prudent knot user will always allow for a large [[Factor of safety|safety margin]] in<br />
the strength of rope chosen for a task due to the weakening effects of<br />
knots, aging, damage, shock loading, etc. In general, the '''safe working load''' is often specified as between 10% and 20% of the rated breaking strength of the rope being used.[http://www.boatsafe.com/marlinespike/safeload.htm] For safety of life applications many other factors come into play which are beyond the current scope of this article. ''Always consult experienced practitioners before using ropes and knots in situations where safety of life, limb, or property is involved.''<br />
<br />
===Security===<br />
<br />
Even if the rope does not break, a knot may still fail to hold. A knot which holds firm under a variety of adverse conditions is said to be more secure than one that does not. The main ways knots fail to hold are:<br />
<br />
====Slipping====<br />
The tension from the load causes the rope to work back through the knot in the direction of the load. If this continues far enough the working end will pass into the knot and the knot will unravel and fail. This behavior in knots can be worsened when the knot is repeatedly strained and let slack, dragged over rough terrain, or subject to repeated impacts such as against a [[mast]] or [[flagpole]]. Even with secure knots some slippage may occur as the knot is first put under real tension. This can be dealt with by leaving plenty of rope at the working end outside of the knot and by dressing the knot cleanly and tightening it as fully as possible before loading. In some cases the use of a [[stopper (knot)|stopper knot]] or, even better, a [[backup knot]] can prevent the working end from passing through the knot, but it is generally better to use a more secure knot if one is observed to slip. In life critical uses backup knots are often added to already secure knots in order to maximize safety.<br />
<br />
====Capsizing====<br />
Capsizing (or spilling) a knot is changing its form, rearranging its parts, usually by pulling on specific ends in specific ways. Some knots when used in an inappropriate manner have a tendency to capsize easily or even spontaneously. Often the capsized form of the knot offers little resistance to slipping or unraveling. For an excellent example of a knot that capsizes dangerously, see the discussion of the [[Reef Knot#Overuse|reef knot used as a bend]]. Sometimes a knot is intentionally capsized as a method of tying another knot, such as the [[Bowline#Tying|"lightning method"]] of tying a Bowline. Some knots, such as the [[Carrick Bend]], are generally tied in one form and then capsized to attain a stronger or more stable form.<br />
<br />
====Sliding====<br />
In knots that are meant to grip another object, failure can be defined as the knot moving relative to the object being gripped. While the knot itself does not fail, it ceases to perform the desired function. For example a simple [[Rolling hitch|Rolling Hitch]] tied around a railing and pulled parallel to the railing might hold to a certain tension and then start sliding. Sometimes this can be corrected by working-up the knot tighter before subjecting it to load but usually a knot with more wraps, or a different size or type of rope will need to be employed.<br />
<br />
==Components==<br />
[[image:BightLoopElbow.jpg|frame|right|Knot components]]<br />
[[Image:Turn-roundturn-tworoundturns.jpg|right|thumb|A: Turn<br>B: Round turn<br>C: Two round turns]]<br />
;'''Bight'''<br />
{{main|Bight (knot)}}<br />
:The center part of a length of rope, string, or yarn as opposed to the ends.<br />
:*A '''"bight"''' is any curved section, slack part, or loop between the ends of a rope.<br />
:*The phrase '''"in the bight"''' implies a U-shaped section of rope is itself being used in making a knot. Many knots can be tied either with the end or ''in the bight''.<br />
; '''Bitter end'''<br />
:More a ropeworker's term than a knot term, the reference is to the end of a rope that is tied off, hence the expression "to the bitter end". A ''bitt'' is a metal block with a crosspin used for tying lines to, found on docks.<br />
;'''Loop''' :A full circle formed by passing the working end over itself. Note that the term 'loop' is also used to refer to a category of knots (see 'Categories' below).<br />
;'''Elbow''' :Two crossing points created by an extra twist in a loop.<br />
;'''Standing end'''<br />
:The end of the rope not involved in making the knot, often shown as unfinished.<br />
;'''Standing part'''<br />
:Section of line between knot and the standing end.<br />
;'''Turn'''<br />
{{main|Turn (knot)}}<br />
:*A '''turn''' or '''single turn''' is a single pass behind or through an object.<br />
:*A '''round turn''' is the complete encirclement of an object; requires two passes.<br />
:*'''Two round turns''' circles the object twice; requires three passes.<br />
;'''Working end'''<br />
:The active end of a line used in making the knot. May also be called the 'running end' or 'live end'.<br />
;'''Working part'''<br />
:Section of line between knot and the working end.<br />
<br />
==Categories==<br />
The [[list of knots]] is extensive, but common properties allow for a useful system of categorization. For example, [[loop (knot)|loop]] knots share the attribute of having some kind of an anchor point constructed on the [[standing end]] (such as a loop or overhand knot) into which the working end is easily hitched to using a [[round turn]]. An example of this is the [[bowline]]. Constricting knots often rely on friction to cinch down tight on loose bundles; an example would be the [[Miller's knot]].<br />
<br />
Knots may belong to more than one category.<br />
;[[Bend knot|Bend]] :A knot uniting two lines (for knots joining two ends of the same line, see [[binding (knot)|binding knots]] or [[loop (knot)|loops]]). [[list of bend knots|List of bends]].<br />
;[[binding (knot)|Binding]] :A knot that restricts object(s) by making multiple winds. [[List of binding knots]].<br />
;[[Coil]] :Knots used to tie up lines for storage. [[List of coil knots]].<br />
;[[Decorative knot]] :A complex knot exhibiting repeating patterns often constructed around and enhancing an object. [[List of decorative knots]].<br />
;[[Hitch knot|Hitch]] :A knot tied to a post, cable, ring, or spar. [[List of hitch knots]].<br />
;[[Lashing knot|Lashing]] :A knot used to hold (usually) poles together. [[List of lashing knots]].<br />
;[[loop (knot)|Loop]] :A knot used to create a closed circle in a line. [[List of loop knots]].<br />
;[[Plait]] (or Braid):A number of lines interwoven in a simple regular pattern. [[List of plait knots]].<br />
;[[slip knot|Slip]] (or Running) :A knot tied with a hitch around one of its parts, contrasted. with a loop, which is closed with a bend. A slip knot can be closed, a loop remains the same size. [[List of slip knots]]. <br />
;[[Seizing]] :A knot used to hold two lines or two parts of the same line together. [[List of seizing knots]].<br />
;[[Sennit]] :A number of lines interwoven in a complex pattern. [[List of sennit knots]].<br />
;[[Rope splicing|Splice]] :A knot formed by interweaving strands of rope rather than whole lines. More time consuming but usually stronger than simple knots. [[List of splices]].<br />
;[[stopper (knot)|Stopper]] :A knot tied to hold a line through a hole. [[List of stopper knots]].<br />
;[[Trick]] :A knot that is used as part of a magic trick, a joke, or a puzzle. [[List of trick knots]].<br />
;[[whipping knot|Whipping]] :A binding knot used to prevent another line from fraying.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
*[[Clifford Ashley|Clifford W. Ashley]] [[The Ashley Book of Knots|''The Ashley Book of Knots'']]. Doubleday, New York. ISBN 0-385-04025-3<br />
*R.S. Lee. ''All The Knots You Need''. Algrove Publishing. ISBN 0-921335-47-4<br />
*Raoul Graumont. ''Handbook of Knots''. Cornell Maritime Press/Tidewater Publishers. ISBN 0-87033-030-6<br />
*Cyrus L. Day. ''Knots & Splices''. International Marine/McGraw-Hill Companies. ISBN 0-87742-252-4<br />
*Geoffrey Budworth (1999). ''The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Knots & Ropework''. Annes Publishing Limited. ISBN 1-55267-986-1<br />
*John Cassidy (1985). ''The Klutz Book of Knots''. Klutz Press, [[Palo Alto, California]]. ISBN 0-932592-10-4<br />
*Des Pawson(2001). ''Pocket Guide to Knots & Splices''. Produced for Propsero Books by RPC Publishing Ltd., London. ISBN 1-55267-218-2<br />
*Brion Toss. ''The Complete Rigger's Apprentice''. International Marine/McGraw-Hill Companies. ISBN 0-07-064840-9<br />
*Allen Padgett and Bruce Smith. ''On Rope''. National Speleological Society. ISBN 0-9615093-2-5<br />
*J.C. Turner and P. van de Griend (ed.) (1996). ''History and Science of Knots''. World Scientific. ISBN 981-02-2469-9<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[List of knots]]<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.tollesburysc.co.uk/Knots/Knots_gallery.htm Animated knots] (GIF format)<br />
*[http://www.animatedknots.com Animated knots] (Javascript)<br />
*[http://www.neropes.com/splice/knots.htm Common knots]<br />
*[http://www.fishing-nc.com/fishing-knots.php Fishing knots]<br />
*[http://www.fieggen.com/shoelace/index.htm Ian's Shoelace Site]<br />
*[http://www.igkt.net International Guild of Knot Tyers]<br />
*[http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/knotting/notate.htm Notation describing methods of tying knots]<br />
*[http://www.geocities.com/roo_two/knotindex.html The Notable Knot Index]<br />
*[http://www.draftlight.net/lifeonaline/ Underground rope rescue knots]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Knots| ]]<br />
[[Category:Ropework]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Knoten]]<br />
[[es:Nudo]]<br />
[[fi:Solmu]]<br />
[[fr:Nœud]]<br />
[[nl:Knopen]]<br />
[[sv:Knop]]</div>Caberhttps://en.scoutwiki.org/index.php?title=Knot&diff=13591Knot2008-06-17T17:31:13Z<p>Caber: interwiki</p>
<hr />
<div>{{ThisPageWasImported}}<br />
[[Image:Nf knots.png|frame|right|Some knots: 1.&nbsp;[[rope splicing|Splice]] 2.&nbsp;[[Manrope knot|Manrope&nbsp;knot]] 3.&nbsp;[[Granny knot|Granny&nbsp;knot]] 4.&nbsp;[[Rosebud stopper knot|Rosebud&nbsp;stopper&nbsp;knot]](?) 5.&nbsp;[[Matthew Walker knot|Matthew&nbsp;Walker&nbsp;knot]] 6.&nbsp;[[Shroud knot|Shroud&nbsp;knot]] 7.&nbsp;[[Turks head knot|Turks&nbsp;head&nbsp;knot]] 8.&nbsp;[[Overhand knot|Overhand&nbsp;knot]], [[Figure-of-eight knot|Figure-of-eight&nbsp;knot]] 9.&nbsp;[[Reef knot|Reef&nbsp;knot]] or [[Square knot|Square&nbsp;knot]] 10.&nbsp;[[Two half hitches|Two&nbsp;half&nbsp;hitches]] (see&nbsp;[[round turn and two half hitches|round&nbsp;turn&nbsp;and&nbsp;two&nbsp;half&nbsp;hitches]])]]<br />
<br />
A '''knot''' is a method for fastening or securing linear material such as [[rope]] by tying or interweaving. It may consist of a length of one or more segments of rope, string, [[webbing]], [[twine]], [[strap]] or even chain interwoven so as to create in the line the ability to bind to itself or to some other object - the "load". Knots have been the subject of interest both for their ancient origins, common use, and the mathematical implications of<br />
[[knot theory|knot&nbsp;theory]].<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Usage==<br />
<br />
There is a large variety of knots and each knot has specific properties and suitability for a [[Knot#Categories|range of tasks]]. Some knots are well-adapted to attach to particular objects such as another rope, [[cleat]], ring, or stake. Other knots are made to bind or constrict around an object. Decorative knots usually bind to themselves to produce attractive patterns. Choosing the correct knot for the job at hand is one of the most fundamental aspects of using knots well.<br />
<br />
===Learning===<br />
<br />
The number of books, websites, videos, and other resources available to those interested in learning about knots is a testament to the value they hold for humankind. While some people possess an innate ability to look at a diagram or photo and tie the illustrated knot, for others the initial stages of learning are best accomplished by being shown knot tying methods by a person who already knows them. Knot tying skills are often transmitted by [[sailor]]s, [[Scouting|scout]]s, [[climbing|climber]]s, [[caving|caver]]s, [[arborist]]s, [[Firefighter#Rescue|rescue professional]]s, [[fishermen]], and [[surgeons]]. After mastering a few basic knots, the diagrams and photos become easier to interpret and use to continue the learning process. As more knots are learned, patterns begin to become evident in their structure and methods of tying. The learning of knots rewards practice and patience.<br />
<br />
===Applications===<br />
<br />
Knots are essential in many industrial, occupational, recreational, and domestic settings. Even simple activities such as running a load from the hardware store to home can result in disaster if a clumsy twist in a cord passes for a knot. Truckers needing to tie down a load may use a [[trucker's hitch]], gaining [[mechanical advantage]]. Knots can save the [[spelunking|spelunker]] from foolishly becoming buried under millions of tons of rock. Whatever the activity, such as [[sailing]] on the water or [[climbing]] on a cliff-side rock, learning well-tested knots prior to some hazardous activity introduces a critical measure of safety. In addition to safety, appropriate knots can prevent the necessity of cutting lines.<br />
<br />
Knots can be applied in combination to produce complex objects such as [[lanyard]]s and [[Net|netting]]. In [[ropework]], the frayed end of a rope is held together by a type of knot called a [[whipping knot]]. Many types of [[textile]]s use knots to repair damage. [[Macrame]], one kind of textile, is generated exclusively through the use of knotting, instead of [[knitting|knits]], crochets, weaves or felting. Macrame can produce self-supporting three dimensional textile structures, as well as flat work, and is often used ornamentally or decoratively.<br />
<br />
==Properties==<br />
===Strength===<br />
Knots invariably weaken the rope they are made in. When knotted rope<br />
is strained to its breaking point, barring any flaws or damage in<br />
the rope itself, the rope almost always fails in or near the knot. The same bending, crushing, and chafing forces that<br />
produce the friction which holds a knot in place are also responsible for unevenly stressing the rope fibers and ultimately lead to<br />
the reduction of strength. The exact mechanisms that cause the weakening and failure are complex and are the subject of continued study.<br />
<br />
The relative knot strength, also called '''knot efficiency''', is the<br />
breaking strength of a knotted rope expressed as a percentage of the<br />
breaking strength of the rope without the knot. There are many<br />
difficulties in determining an overall numeric knot efficiency for a<br />
given knot. This is due to the many factors that can affect the<br />
results of a knot efficiency test: the type of [[fiber]], the [[Rope#Styles of rope construction|style of<br />
rope]], the size of rope, whether it is wet or dry, how the knot is dressed before loading, how rapidly<br />
the knot is loaded, whether the knot is repeatedly loaded, and so<br />
on. With those limitations noted, and in order to give a sense of how much loss of strength knots cause, most knots in common usage have an efficiency between 40% and 80%.<br />
<br />
While some [[Rope splicing|rope splices]] can retain nearly the full strength of<br />
the rope when forming loops and bends, conventional knots are much more practical in most situations. Thus the prudent knot user will always allow for a large [[Factor of safety|safety margin]] in<br />
the strength of rope chosen for a task due to the weakening effects of<br />
knots, aging, damage, shock loading, etc. In general, the '''safe working load''' is often specified as between 10% and 20% of the rated breaking strength of the rope being used.[http://www.boatsafe.com/marlinespike/safeload.htm] For safety of life applications many other factors come into play which are beyond the current scope of this article. ''Always consult experienced practitioners before using ropes and knots in situations where safety of life, limb, or property is involved.''<br />
<br />
===Security===<br />
<br />
Even if the rope does not break, a knot may still fail to hold. A knot which holds firm under a variety of adverse conditions is said to be more secure than one that does not. The main ways knots fail to hold are:<br />
<br />
====Slipping====<br />
The tension from the load causes the rope to work back through the knot in the direction of the load. If this continues far enough the working end will pass into the knot and the knot will unravel and fail. This behavior in knots can be worsened when the knot is repeatedly strained and let slack, dragged over rough terrain, or subject to repeated impacts such as against a [[mast]] or [[flagpole]]. Even with secure knots some slippage may occur as the knot is first put under real tension. This can be dealt with by leaving plenty of rope at the working end outside of the knot and by dressing the knot cleanly and tightening it as fully as possible before loading. In some cases the use of a [[stopper (knot)|stopper knot]] or, even better, a [[backup knot]] can prevent the working end from passing through the knot, but it is generally better to use a more secure knot if one is observed to slip. In life critical uses backup knots are often added to already secure knots in order to maximize safety.<br />
<br />
====Capsizing====<br />
Capsizing (or spilling) a knot is changing its form, rearranging its parts, usually by pulling on specific ends in specific ways. Some knots when used in an inappropriate manner have a tendency to capsize easily or even spontaneously. Often the capsized form of the knot offers little resistance to slipping or unraveling. For an excellent example of a knot that capsizes dangerously, see the discussion of the [[Reef Knot#Overuse|reef knot used as a bend]]. Sometimes a knot is intentionally capsized as a method of tying another knot, such as the [[Bowline#Tying|"lightning method"]] of tying a Bowline. Some knots, such as the [[Carrick Bend]], are generally tied in one form and then capsized to attain a stronger or more stable form.<br />
<br />
====Sliding====<br />
In knots that are meant to grip another object, failure can be defined as the knot moving relative to the object being gripped. While the knot itself does not fail, it ceases to perform the desired function. For example a simple [[Rolling hitch|Rolling Hitch]] tied around a railing and pulled parallel to the railing might hold to a certain tension and then start sliding. Sometimes this can be corrected by working-up the knot tighter before subjecting it to load but usually a knot with more wraps, or a different size or type of rope will need to be employed.<br />
<br />
==Components==<br />
[[image:BightLoopElbow.jpg|frame|right|Knot components]]<br />
[[Image:Turn-roundturn-tworoundturns.jpg|right|thumb|A: Turn<br>B: Round turn<br>C: Two round turns]]<br />
;'''Bight'''<br />
{{main|Bight (knot)}}<br />
:The center part of a length of rope, string, or yarn as opposed to the ends.<br />
:*A '''"bight"''' is any curved section, slack part, or loop between the ends of a rope.<br />
:*The phrase '''"in the bight"''' implies a U-shaped section of rope is itself being used in making a knot. Many knots can be tied either with the end or ''in the bight''.<br />
; '''Bitter end'''<br />
:More a ropeworker's term than a knot term, the reference is to the end of a rope that is tied off, hence the expression "to the bitter end". A ''bitt'' is a metal block with a crosspin used for tying lines to, found on docks.<br />
;'''Loop''' :A full circle formed by passing the working end over itself. Note that the term 'loop' is also used to refer to a category of knots (see 'Categories' below).<br />
;'''Elbow''' :Two crossing points created by an extra twist in a loop.<br />
;'''Standing end'''<br />
:The end of the rope not involved in making the knot, often shown as unfinished.<br />
;'''Standing part'''<br />
:Section of line between knot and the standing end.<br />
;'''Turn'''<br />
{{main|Turn (knot)}}<br />
:*A '''turn''' or '''single turn''' is a single pass behind or through an object.<br />
:*A '''round turn''' is the complete encirclement of an object; requires two passes.<br />
:*'''Two round turns''' circles the object twice; requires three passes.<br />
;'''Working end'''<br />
:The active end of a line used in making the knot. May also be called the 'running end' or 'live end'.<br />
;'''Working part'''<br />
:Section of line between knot and the working end.<br />
<br />
==Categories==<br />
The [[list of knots]] is extensive, but common properties allow for a useful system of categorization. For example, [[loop (knot)|loop]] knots share the attribute of having some kind of an anchor point constructed on the [[standing end]] (such as a loop or overhand knot) into which the working end is easily hitched to using a [[round turn]]. An example of this is the [[bowline]]. Constricting knots often rely on friction to cinch down tight on loose bundles; an example would be the [[Miller's knot]].<br />
<br />
Knots may belong to more than one category.<br />
;[[Bend knot|Bend]] :A knot uniting two lines (for knots joining two ends of the same line, see [[binding (knot)|binding knots]] or [[loop (knot)|loops]]). [[list of bend knots|List of bends]].<br />
;[[binding (knot)|Binding]] :A knot that restricts object(s) by making multiple winds. [[List of binding knots]].<br />
;[[Coil]] :Knots used to tie up lines for storage. [[List of coil knots]].<br />
;[[Decorative knot]] :A complex knot exhibiting repeating patterns often constructed around and enhancing an object. [[List of decorative knots]].<br />
;[[Hitch knot|Hitch]] :A knot tied to a post, cable, ring, or spar. [[List of hitch knots]].<br />
;[[Lashing knot|Lashing]] :A knot used to hold (usually) poles together. [[List of lashing knots]].<br />
;[[loop (knot)|Loop]] :A knot used to create a closed circle in a line. [[List of loop knots]].<br />
;[[Plait]] (or Braid):A number of lines interwoven in a simple regular pattern. [[List of plait knots]].<br />
;[[slip knot|Slip]] (or Running) :A knot tied with a hitch around one of its parts, contrasted. with a loop, which is closed with a bend. A slip knot can be closed, a loop remains the same size. [[List of slip knots]]. <br />
;[[Seizing]] :A knot used to hold two lines or two parts of the same line together. [[List of seizing knots]].<br />
;[[Sennit]] :A number of lines interwoven in a complex pattern. [[List of sennit knots]].<br />
;[[Rope splicing|Splice]] :A knot formed by interweaving strands of rope rather than whole lines. More time consuming but usually stronger than simple knots. [[List of splices]].<br />
;[[stopper (knot)|Stopper]] :A knot tied to hold a line through a hole. [[List of stopper knots]].<br />
;[[Trick]] :A knot that is used as part of a magic trick, a joke, or a puzzle. [[List of trick knots]].<br />
;[[whipping knot|Whipping]] :A binding knot used to prevent another line from fraying.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
*[[Clifford Ashley|Clifford W. Ashley]] [[The Ashley Book of Knots|''The Ashley Book of Knots'']]. Doubleday, New York. ISBN 0-385-04025-3<br />
*R.S. Lee. ''All The Knots You Need''. Algrove Publishing. ISBN 0-921335-47-4<br />
*Raoul Graumont. ''Handbook of Knots''. Cornell Maritime Press/Tidewater Publishers. ISBN 0-87033-030-6<br />
*Cyrus L. Day. ''Knots & Splices''. International Marine/McGraw-Hill Companies. ISBN 0-87742-252-4<br />
*Geoffrey Budworth (1999). ''The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Knots & Ropework''. Annes Publishing Limited. ISBN 1-55267-986-1<br />
*John Cassidy (1985). ''The Klutz Book of Knots''. Klutz Press, [[Palo Alto, California]]. ISBN 0-932592-10-4<br />
*Des Pawson(2001). ''Pocket Guide to Knots & Splices''. Produced for Propsero Books by RPC Publishing Ltd., London. ISBN 1-55267-218-2<br />
*Brion Toss. ''The Complete Rigger's Apprentice''. International Marine/McGraw-Hill Companies. ISBN 0-07-064840-9<br />
*Allen Padgett and Bruce Smith. ''On Rope''. National Speleological Society. ISBN 0-9615093-2-5<br />
*J.C. Turner and P. van de Griend (ed.) (1996). ''History and Science of Knots''. World Scientific. ISBN 981-02-2469-9<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[List of knots]]<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.tollesburysc.co.uk/Knots/Knots_gallery.htm Animated knots] (GIF format)<br />
*[http://www.animatedknots.com Animated knots] (Javascript)<br />
*[http://www.neropes.com/splice/knots.htm Common knots]<br />
*[http://www.fishing-nc.com/fishing-knots.php Fishing knots]<br />
*[http://www.fieggen.com/shoelace/index.htm Ian's Shoelace Site]<br />
*[http://www.igkt.net International Guild of Knot Tyers]<br />
*[http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/knotting/notate.htm Notation describing methods of tying knots]<br />
*[http://www.geocities.com/roo_two/knotindex.html The Notable Knot Index]<br />
*[http://www.draftlight.net/lifeonaline/ Underground rope rescue knots]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Knots| ]]<br />
[[Category:Ropework]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Knoten]]<br />
[[es:Nudo]]<br />
[[fi:Solmu]]<br />
[[fr:Nœud]]<br />
[[nl:Knopen]]<br />
[[sv:Knop]]<br />
[[nl:Knopen]]</div>Caberhttps://en.scoutwiki.org/index.php?title=Half_hitch&diff=13590Half hitch2008-06-17T17:30:37Z<p>Caber: interwiki</p>
<hr />
<div>{{ThisPageWasImported}}<br />
{{Knot-details<br />
| image=<br />
| name=Half hitch<br />
| names=<br />
| type=hitch<br />
| strength=<br />
| origin=Ancient<br />
| related=[[Two half-hitches]], [[Clove hitch]], [[Munter hitch]], [[single hitch]]<br />
| releasing=Non-jamming<br />
| uses=As part of other knots<br />
| caveat=<br />
}}<br />
The '''half hitch''' is a simple [[knot]]. If tied by itself, it slips very easily and cannot hold anything. However, it occurs as a component in many more complicated knots.<br />
<br />
A half hitch can be used together with a [[timber hitch]] to drag a log or other large object. The timber hitch connects the end of the rope to one end of the log, and the half hitch binds the standing part of the rope to the opposite end.<br />
<br />
{{knot-stub}}<br />
<br />
[[nl:Halve steek]]</div>Caber