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Scouting: Difference between revisions
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[[Image:Scout stone Brownsea.jpg|thumb|200px|This stone on [[Brownsea Island]] commemorates the [[Brownsea Island Scout camp|first scout camp]].]] | [[Image:Scout stone Brownsea.jpg|thumb|200px|This stone on [[Brownsea Island]] commemorates the [[Brownsea Island Scout camp|first scout camp]].]] | ||
As a military officer, Baden-Powell was stationed in | As a military officer, Baden-Powell was stationed in India and [[The Scramble for Africa|Africa]] in the 1880s and 1890s. Since his boyhood, he was fond of [[woodcraft]] and [[reconnaissance|military scouting]], and therefore – as part of their training – showed his men how to survive in the wilderness. He noticed it taught the soldiers to develop [[self (psychology)|independence]], rather than just blindly follow officers' orders.<ref name="Varsity ">{{cite book | last = Baden_Powell | first = Robert | authorlink = | year = 1933 |url= http://pinetreeweb.com/bp-vars.htm| title = Lessons from the varsity of life | chapter = Chapter X|accessdate=2007-02-04}}</ref> | ||
In [[South African Republic|South Africa]] in the Second Boer War, Baden-Powell got besieged in the small town Mafeking against a much larger Boer army (the [[Siege of Mafeking]]).<ref> {{cite web | url = http://www.britishbattles.com/great-boer-war/mafeking.htm | title = The Siege of Mafeking | publisher = British Battles.com | accessdate = 2006-07-11}}</ref> The [[Mafeking Cadet Corps]] was a group of youths that supported the troops by carrying messages, which freed the men for military duties and kept the boys occupied during the long siege. The Cadet Corps performed well, helping in the defense of the town (1899–1900), and were one of the many factors that inspired Baden-Powell to form the Scouting movement.<ref name="cadet1">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://www.scouting.milestones.btinternet.co.uk/cadets.htm | title = The Mafeking Cadets | format = | work = Scouting Milestones | publisher = btinternet.co.uk | accessdate = 2007-02-04}}</ref><ref name="cadet2">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://www.scouting.org.za/seeds/cadets.html | title =The Mafeking Cadets | format = | work =The African Seeds of Scouting | publisher = Scout Web South Africa | accessdate = 2007-02-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Webster| first=Linden Bradfield| year=| title= Linden Bradfield Webster's Reminiscences of the Siege of Mafeking| journal=. The South African Military Society (Military History Journal) | volume=1| issue=7| pages=}}</ref> Each member received a badge that illustrated a combined [[compass]] point and [[spearhead]]. The badge's logo was similar to the [[fleur-de-lis]] that Scouting later adopted as its international symbol. In the United Kingdom the public followed his struggle to hold Mafeking through newspapers, and when the siege was broken Baden-Powell had become a [[national hero]]. This pushed the sales of a small instruction book he had written about military scouting, ''Aids to Scouting''. On his return to England he noticed the large interest of boys in this book, which was also used by teachers and youth organizations.<ref name="NPG">{{cite web |url=http://www.npg.org.uk/live/wobaden.asp |title=Robert Baden-Powell: Defender of Mafeking and Founder of the Boy Scouts and the Girl Guides | work = Past Exhibition Archive | publisher = [[National Portrait Gallery (United Kingdom)|National Portrait Gallery]] | accessdate= 2006-12-03}}</ref> He was suggested by several to rewrite this book for boys, especially during an inspection of the [[Boys' Brigade]]. This brigade was a large youth movement, drilled with military precision. Baden-Powell thought this would not be attractive and suggested that it could grow much larger when scouting would be used.<ref name="BPJeal">{{cite book | last = Jeal | first = Tim | authorlink = Tim Jeal |publisher=Yale University Press| coauthors = | year = 1989 | url = | title = Baden-Powell | pages = 360-362, 371 | accessdate =2007-02-04}}</ref> He studied other schemes, parts of which he used for Scouting. | In [[South African Republic|South Africa]] in the Second Boer War, Baden-Powell got besieged in the small town Mafeking against a much larger Boer army (the [[Siege of Mafeking]]).<ref> {{cite web | url = http://www.britishbattles.com/great-boer-war/mafeking.htm | title = The Siege of Mafeking | publisher = British Battles.com | accessdate = 2006-07-11}}</ref> The [[Mafeking Cadet Corps]] was a group of youths that supported the troops by carrying messages, which freed the men for military duties and kept the boys occupied during the long siege. The Cadet Corps performed well, helping in the defense of the town (1899–1900), and were one of the many factors that inspired Baden-Powell to form the Scouting movement.<ref name="cadet1">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://www.scouting.milestones.btinternet.co.uk/cadets.htm | title = The Mafeking Cadets | format = | work = Scouting Milestones | publisher = btinternet.co.uk | accessdate = 2007-02-04}}</ref><ref name="cadet2">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://www.scouting.org.za/seeds/cadets.html | title =The Mafeking Cadets | format = | work =The African Seeds of Scouting | publisher = Scout Web South Africa | accessdate = 2007-02-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Webster| first=Linden Bradfield| year=| title= Linden Bradfield Webster's Reminiscences of the Siege of Mafeking| journal=. The South African Military Society (Military History Journal) | volume=1| issue=7| pages=}}</ref> Each member received a badge that illustrated a combined [[compass]] point and [[spearhead]]. The badge's logo was similar to the [[fleur-de-lis]] that Scouting later adopted as its international symbol. In the United Kingdom the public followed his struggle to hold Mafeking through newspapers, and when the siege was broken Baden-Powell had become a [[national hero]]. This pushed the sales of a small instruction book he had written about military scouting, ''Aids to Scouting''. On his return to England he noticed the large interest of boys in this book, which was also used by teachers and youth organizations.<ref name="NPG">{{cite web |url=http://www.npg.org.uk/live/wobaden.asp |title=Robert Baden-Powell: Defender of Mafeking and Founder of the Boy Scouts and the Girl Guides | work = Past Exhibition Archive | publisher = [[National Portrait Gallery (United Kingdom)|National Portrait Gallery]] | accessdate= 2006-12-03}}</ref> He was suggested by several to rewrite this book for boys, especially during an inspection of the [[Boys' Brigade]]. This brigade was a large youth movement, drilled with military precision. Baden-Powell thought this would not be attractive and suggested that it could grow much larger when scouting would be used.<ref name="BPJeal">{{cite book | last = Jeal | first = Tim | authorlink = Tim Jeal |publisher=Yale University Press| coauthors = | year = 1989 | url = | title = Baden-Powell | pages = 360-362, 371 | accessdate =2007-02-04}}</ref> He studied other schemes, parts of which he used for Scouting. | ||
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=== Growth === | === Growth === | ||
[[Image:Olave St Clair Soames.jpg|200px|thumb|[[Olave Baden-Powell]]]] | [[Image:Olave St Clair Soames.jpg|200px|thumb|[[Olave Baden-Powell]]]] | ||
The Boy Scout movement swiftly established itself throughout the British Empire soon after the publication of ''Scouting for Boys''. The first recognized overseas unit was chartered in Gibraltar in 1908, followed quickly by a unit in Malta. [[Scouts Canada|Canada]] became the first overseas [[dominion]] with a sanctioned Boy Scout program, followed by Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. Chile was the first country outside the British dominions to have a recognized Scouting program. By 1910, Argentina, Denmark, [[Grand Duchy of Finland|Finland]], France, [[German Empire|Germany]], [[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]], | The Boy Scout movement swiftly established itself throughout the British Empire soon after the publication of ''Scouting for Boys''. The first recognized overseas unit was chartered in Gibraltar in 1908, followed quickly by a unit in Malta. [[Scouts Canada|Canada]] became the first overseas [[dominion]] with a sanctioned Boy Scout program, followed by Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. Chile was the first country outside the British dominions to have a recognized Scouting program. By 1910, Argentina, Denmark, [[Grand Duchy of Finland|Finland]], France, [[German Empire|Germany]], [[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]], India, [[British Malaya|Malaya]], Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Russia, [[Sweden]], and the United States had Boy Scouts.<ref name="bsahist97">{{cite web | last = Snowden | first = Jeff | year = 1984 | url = http://www.troop97.net/bsahist1.htm | title = A Brief Background of Scouting in the United States 1910 to Today | publisher = Troop 97 | accessdate = 2006-07-22}}</ref><ref name="woohist">{{cite web | last = Woo | first = Randy | url = http://members.aol.com/RandyWoo/bsahis/ | title = The Ultimate Boy Scouts of America History Site | accessdate = 2006-07-22}}</ref><ref name="scoutbase">{{cite web | url = http://www.scoutbase.org.uk/library/history/ | title = The History of Scouting | publisher = ScoutBaseUK | accessdate = 2006-07-22}}</ref> The first Scout rally, held in 1910 at The Crystal Palace in London, attracted 10,000 boys and a number of girls. | ||
The program initially focused on boys aged 11 to 18, but as the movement grew, the need became apparent for leader training and programs for younger boys, older boys, and girls. The first programs for [[Cub Scout]]s, and [[Rover Scout]]s were in place by the late 1910s. They operated independently until they obtained official recognition from their home country's Scouting organization. In the United States, attempts at Cub programs began as early as 1911, but official recognition was not obtained until 1930.<ref name="scoutbase" /><ref name="cubusahist">{{cite web | url = http://www.geocities.com/~pack215/hist-cshistory.html | title = The Evolution of Cubbing, A 90 Year Chronology | publisher = Cubbing through the Decades | accessdate = 2006-07-22}}</ref><ref name="cubusahist2">{{cite web | url = http://www.sfbac.org/about/a_cs_history.cfm | title = Cub Scouting History | publisher = San Francisco Bay Area Councils | accessdate = 2006-07-22}}</ref><ref name="roverworld">{{cite web | url = http://www.scouting.milestones.btinternet.co.uk/rovers.htm | title = Rover Scouts - Scouting For Men | publisher = Scouting Milestones | accessdate = 2006-07-22}}</ref> | The program initially focused on boys aged 11 to 18, but as the movement grew, the need became apparent for leader training and programs for younger boys, older boys, and girls. The first programs for [[Cub Scout]]s, and [[Rover Scout]]s were in place by the late 1910s. They operated independently until they obtained official recognition from their home country's Scouting organization. In the United States, attempts at Cub programs began as early as 1911, but official recognition was not obtained until 1930.<ref name="scoutbase" /><ref name="cubusahist">{{cite web | url = http://www.geocities.com/~pack215/hist-cshistory.html | title = The Evolution of Cubbing, A 90 Year Chronology | publisher = Cubbing through the Decades | accessdate = 2006-07-22}}</ref><ref name="cubusahist2">{{cite web | url = http://www.sfbac.org/about/a_cs_history.cfm | title = Cub Scouting History | publisher = San Francisco Bay Area Councils | accessdate = 2006-07-22}}</ref><ref name="roverworld">{{cite web | url = http://www.scouting.milestones.btinternet.co.uk/rovers.htm | title = Rover Scouts - Scouting For Men | publisher = Scouting Milestones | accessdate = 2006-07-22}}</ref> | ||