18,519
edits
Sunglasses: Difference between revisions
From ScoutWiki, For Everyone, Everywhere involved with Scouting and Guiding...
m
Bot: Converting bare references, using ref names to avoid duplicates, see FAQ
m (Robot: Automated text replacement (-\[\[(Mirrorshades)\]\] +\1)) |
m (Bot: Converting bare references, using ref names to avoid duplicates, see FAQ) |
||
| (13 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown) | |||
| Line 20: | Line 20: | ||
=== Protection === | === Protection === | ||
Excessive exposure to [[ultraviolet radiation]] (UV) can cause short-term and long-term ocular problems such as [[photokeratitis]], | Excessive exposure to [[ultraviolet radiation]] (UV) can cause short-term and long-term ocular problems such as [[photokeratitis]], snow blindness, [[cataract]]s, [[pterygium]], and various [[eye cancer]]s.<ref name="CCA">Cancer Council Australia; Centre for Eye Research Australia.[http://www.cancer.org.au/documents/Pos_St_Eye_Protection_AUG05.pdf "Position Statement: Eye Protection." August 2005.]</ref> Medical experts often advise the public on the importance of wearing sunglasses to protect the eyes from UV<ref name="CCA"/>. In the European Union, a [[CE mark]] identifies glasses fulfilling quality regulations. In the preparation for [[solar eclipse]]s, health authorities often warn against looking at the sun through sunglasses alone. | ||
There is no demonstrated correlation between high prices and increased UV protection. A 1995 study reported that "Expensive brands and polarizing sunglasses do not guarantee optimal UVA protection." | There is no demonstrated correlation between high prices and increased UV protection. A 1995 study reported that "Expensive brands and polarizing sunglasses do not guarantee optimal UVA protection." | ||
<ref name="Leow">Leow YH, Tham SN. "UV-protective sunglasses[http://www.hisunglasses.com/] for UVA irradiation protection." ''Int J Dermatol.'' 1995 Nov;34(11):808-10. PMID 8543419.</ref> The [[Australian Competition and Consumer Commission]] has also reported that "[c]onsumers cannot rely on price as an indicator of quality" [http://www.accc.gov.au/content/index.phtml/itemId/614116/fromItemId/692835]. One unscientific survey even found a $6.95 pair of generic glasses with slightly better protection than [[Salvatore Ferragamo]] shades [http://wcbstv.com/seenon/local_story_100210432.html]. | <ref name="Leow">Leow YH, Tham SN. "UV-protective sunglasses[http://www.hisunglasses.com/] for UVA irradiation protection." ''Int J Dermatol.'' 1995 Nov;34(11):808-10. PMID 8543419.</ref> The [[Australian Competition and Consumer Commission]] has also reported that "[c]onsumers cannot rely on price as an indicator of quality" [http://www.accc.gov.au/content/index.phtml/itemId/614116/fromItemId/692835]. One unscientific survey even found a $6.95 pair of generic glasses with slightly better protection than [[Salvatore Ferragamo]] shades [http://wcbstv.com/seenon/local_story_100210432.html]. | ||
[[Image:Oakley half wire.JPG|thumb|[[Oakley, Inc.|Oakley]] sunglasses pass the | [[Image:Oakley half wire.JPG|thumb|[[Oakley, Inc.|Oakley]] sunglasses pass the ANSI Z87.1 requirements and offer UV protection]] | ||
More recently, [[High energy visible light]] (HEV) has been implicated as a cause of age-related macular degeneration<ref>Glazer-Hockstein C, Dunaief JL. "Could blue light-blocking lenses decrease the risk of age-related macular degeneration?" ''Retina.'' 2006 Jan;26(1):1-4. PMID 16395131</ref><ref>Margrain TH, Boulton M, Marshall J, Sliney DH. "Do blue light filters confer protection against age-related macular degeneration?" ''Prog Retin Eye Res.'' 2004 Sep;23(5):523-31. PMID 15302349</ref>, and some manufacturers design to block it. Sunglasses may be especially important for children, as their ocular lenses are thought to transmit far more HEV light than adults (lenses "yellow" with age). | More recently, [[High energy visible light]] (HEV) has been implicated as a cause of age-related macular degeneration<ref>Glazer-Hockstein C, Dunaief JL. "Could blue light-blocking lenses decrease the risk of age-related macular degeneration?" ''Retina.'' 2006 Jan;26(1):1-4. PMID 16395131</ref><ref>Margrain TH, Boulton M, Marshall J, Sliney DH. "Do blue light filters confer protection against age-related macular degeneration?" ''Prog Retin Eye Res.'' 2004 Sep;23(5):523-31. PMID 15302349</ref>, and some manufacturers design to block it. Sunglasses may be especially important for children, as their ocular lenses are thought to transmit far more HEV light than adults (lenses "yellow" with age). | ||
Some sunglasses also pass | Some sunglasses also pass ANSI Z87.1 requirements for basic impact and high impact protection. These are voluntary standards, so not all sunglasses comply, nor are manufacturers required to comply. In the basic impact test, a 1 in (2.54 cm) steel ball is dropped on the lens from 50 in (127 cm). In the high velocity test, a 1/4 in (6.35mm) steel ball is shot at the lens at 150 ft/s (45.72 m/s). In both tests, no part of the lens can touch the eye. | ||
== Water sunglasses == | == Water sunglasses == | ||
[[Water sunglasses]], also know as surf sunglasses, surf goggles and water eyewear consist of eyewear specially adapted to be used in turbulent water, such as the surf. Many sports utilize these sunglasses including | [[Water sunglasses]], also know as surf sunglasses, surf goggles and water eyewear consist of eyewear specially adapted to be used in turbulent water, such as the surf. Many sports utilize these sunglasses including surfing, windsurfing, [[kiteboarding]], [[wakeboarding]], [[kayaking]], [[jet skiing]] and water skiing. | ||
== Construction == | == Construction == | ||
=== Lens === | === Lens === | ||
The color of the lens can vary by style, fashion, and purpose, but for general use, [[green]], [[grey]], | The color of the lens can vary by style, fashion, and purpose, but for general use, [[green]], [[grey]], yellow, or [[brown]] is recommended to avoid or minimize [[color perception|color distortion]] which would be dangerous when, for instance, driving a car. Grey lenses are considered neutral because they do not enhance contrast or distort colors. Brown and green lenses cause some minimal color distortion, but have contrast-enhancing properties. Red lenses are good for medium and lower light conditions because they are good at enhancing contrast but causes color distortion. Orange and yellow lenses have the best contrast enhancement at depth perception but cause color distortion. Yellow lenses are commonly used by [[golfers]] and [[shooters]] for its contrast enhancement and depth perception properties. Blue and purple lenses offer no real benefits and are mainly cosmetic. Clear lenses are used typical to protect the eyes from impact, debris, dust, or chemicals. Some sunglasses with interchangeable lens have optional clear lenses to protect the eyes during low light or night time activities. Debate exist as to wether "blue blocking" or amber tinted lenses may have a protective effect.<ref name="AAO">American Academy of Ophthalmology. [http://www.aao.org/aao/patients/eyemd/upload/Sunglasses.pdf "Information from Your Eye M.D.: Sunglasses."] November 2003.</ref> | ||
Some models have [[polarization|polarized]] lenses (made from [[Polaroid]] or a similar material) to reduce glare caused by light reflected from polarizing surfaces such as water as well as by polarized [[diffuse sky radiation]] (skylight) | Some models have [[polarization|polarized]] lenses (made from [[Polaroid]] or a similar material) to reduce glare caused by light reflected from polarizing surfaces such as water as well as by polarized [[diffuse sky radiation]] (skylight) | ||
| Line 48: | Line 48: | ||
Corrective lenses can be darkened to serve the same purpose, or secondary clip-on dark lenses can be placed in front of the regular lenses. Some lenses graually darken with bright light and lighten in darkness. These are known as [[photochromic lens]]es. | Corrective lenses can be darkened to serve the same purpose, or secondary clip-on dark lenses can be placed in front of the regular lenses. Some lenses graually darken with bright light and lighten in darkness. These are known as [[photochromic lens]]es. | ||
Sunglass lenses are made from either glass or plastic. Plastic lenses are typically made from [[Polymethyl methacrylate|acrylic]], [ | Sunglass lenses are made from either glass or plastic. Plastic lenses are typically made from [[Polymethyl methacrylate|acrylic]], [https://vatlieunhaxanh.net/danh-muc/tam-lop-lay-sang-poly/ polycarbonate], or [[CR-39]]. Glass lenses have the best optical clarity and scratch resistance, but are heavier than plastic lenses. They can also shatter or break on impact. Plastic lenses are lighter than glass lenses, but are more prone to scratching. They do however, offer more resistance to shattering than glass. Polycarbonate lenses are the lightest, and are also almost shatterproof, making them good for impact protection. <!--They are probably more expensive, though. Right?--> CR-39 lenses are the most common plastic lenses, due to their low weight, high scratch resistanc, low transparency for ultraviolet and infrared radiation, and other advantageous properties. | ||
For sunglasses that also include vision correction, see also [[corrective lens]]. | For sunglasses that also include vision correction, see also [[corrective lens]]. | ||
| Line 80: | Line 80: | ||
'''Teashades''' were a type of [[Psychedelic art|psychedelic]] wire-rim sunglasses that were often worn, usually for purely aesthetic reasons, by members of the 60's drug counterculture. The common teashade is supported by pads on the bridge of the nose and has a thin wire frame. A uniquely-colored or darkened glass [[#Lens|lens]] was usually preferred, perhaps to hide bloodshot eyes from [[Cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] use, but probably more often simply as a fashion statement. | '''Teashades''' were a type of [[Psychedelic art|psychedelic]] wire-rim sunglasses that were often worn, usually for purely aesthetic reasons, by members of the 60's drug counterculture. The common teashade is supported by pads on the bridge of the nose and has a thin wire frame. A uniquely-colored or darkened glass [[#Lens|lens]] was usually preferred, perhaps to hide bloodshot eyes from [[Cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] use, but probably more often simply as a fashion statement. | ||
The term has now fallen into disuse, although references can still be found in literature of the time. Teashades are briefly referenced during a police training video in [[Hunter S. Thompson | The term has now fallen into disuse, although references can still be found in literature of the time. Teashades are briefly referenced during a police training video in [[Hunter S. Thompson]]'s ''Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas''. | ||
=== Glacier Glasses === | === Glacier Glasses === | ||
| Line 92: | Line 92: | ||
It is said that the Roman emperor [[Nero]] liked to watch [[gladiator]] fights with smaragdus. These, however, appear to have worked rather like mirrors.<ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plin.+Nat.+37.16 Pliny the Elder, The Natural History, Book XXXVII, Ch. 16]</ref> | It is said that the Roman emperor [[Nero]] liked to watch [[gladiator]] fights with smaragdus. These, however, appear to have worked rather like mirrors.<ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plin.+Nat.+37.16 Pliny the Elder, The Natural History, Book XXXVII, Ch. 16]</ref> | ||
Flat panes of | Flat panes of Smoky quartz which offered no corrective powers but did protect the eyes from glare were used in China in the [[12th century]] or possibly earlier. Contemporary documents describe the use of such crystals by judges in Chinese courts to conceal their facial expressions while questioning witnesses.{{Fact|date=March 2007}} | ||
[[James Ayscough]] began experimenting with tinted lenses in spectacles in the mid-18th century. These were not "sunglasses" as such; Ayscough believed blue- or green-tinted glass could correct for specific vision impairments. Protection from the sun's rays was not a concern of his. | [[James Ayscough]] began experimenting with tinted lenses in spectacles in the mid-18th century. These were not "sunglasses" as such; Ayscough believed blue- or green-tinted glass could correct for specific vision impairments. Protection from the sun's rays was not a concern of his. | ||
| Line 100: | Line 100: | ||
In the early 1900's, the use of sunglasses started to become more widespread, especially among the pioneering stars of silent movies. But early movie stars did not wear sunglasses as much to avoid being recognized than to protect their eyes from the harshly bright lighting of some early film studios, often taking their sunglasses off only when stepping in front of the camera to shoot a scene. | In the early 1900's, the use of sunglasses started to become more widespread, especially among the pioneering stars of silent movies. But early movie stars did not wear sunglasses as much to avoid being recognized than to protect their eyes from the harshly bright lighting of some early film studios, often taking their sunglasses off only when stepping in front of the camera to shoot a scene. | ||
Inexpensive mass-produced sunglasses were introduced to America by [[Sam Foster]] in [[1929]]. Foster found a ready market on the beaches of [[Atlantic City, New Jersey]], where he began selling sunglasses under the name [[Foster Grant]] from a | Inexpensive mass-produced sunglasses were introduced to America by [[Sam Foster]] in [[1929]]. Foster found a ready market on the beaches of [[Atlantic City, New Jersey]], where he began selling sunglasses under the name [[Foster Grant]] from a Woolworth on the [[Boardwalk (Atlantic City)|Boardwalk]]. | ||
Sunglasses would not become [[polarisation|polarized]], however, until [[1936]], when Edwin | Sunglasses would not become [[polarisation|polarized]], however, until [[1936]], when Edwin | ||
H. Land began experimenting with making lenses with his patented [[Polaroid]] filter. | H. Land began experimenting with making lenses with his patented [[Polaroid]] filter. | ||
Hall & Oates saxaphonist [[Charles DeChant]] wore sunglasses in his appearances in the Hall & Oates music videos. Charles was often referred to by the band as Charles "Mr. Casual" DeChant due to his fashion accumen. | |||
In [[2004]], [[Oakley (fashion)|Oakley]] developed ''Thump'', sunglasses with built-in digital audio player. This design has been copied by a number of smaller companies. | In [[2004]], [[Oakley (fashion)|Oakley]] developed ''Thump'', sunglasses with built-in digital audio player. This design has been copied by a number of smaller companies. | ||
| Line 113: | Line 113: | ||
*[[John Petrucci]] (Guitarist of [[Dream Theater]]). | *[[John Petrucci]] (Guitarist of [[Dream Theater]]). | ||
*Sam Gill (Australian saxophonist, known for his large collection). | *Sam Gill (Australian saxophonist, known for his large collection). | ||
* | *Bono (Lead singer of [[U2]]). | ||
*[[P.Diddy]] (Hip-Hop/Rnb Artist). | *[[P.Diddy]] (Hip-Hop/Rnb Artist). | ||
*[[Liam Gallagher]] (Lead singer of | *[[Liam Gallagher]] (Lead singer of Oasis). | ||
*[[Roy Orbison]], singer. | *[[Roy Orbison]], singer. | ||
*[[Chuck Amato]], football coach. | *[[Chuck Amato]], football coach. | ||
| Line 138: | Line 138: | ||
== Notes == | == Notes == | ||
{{reflist}} | {{reflist}} | ||
<references /> | |||
[[he:משקפי שמש]] | [[he:משקפי שמש]] | ||
