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Geographic maps are abstract representations of the world. It is, of course, this abstraction that makes them useful. [[Lewis Carroll]] made this point humorously in ''Sylvie and Bruno'' with his mention of a fictional map that had "the scale of a mile to the mile". A character notes some practical difficulties with this map and states that "we now use the country itself, as its own map, and I assure you it does nearly as well". This concept is elaborated in a one-paragraph story by Jorge Luis Borges, generally known in English as "[[On Exactitude in Science]]". | Geographic maps are abstract representations of the world. It is, of course, this abstraction that makes them useful. [[Lewis Carroll]] made this point humorously in ''Sylvie and Bruno'' with his mention of a fictional map that had "the scale of a mile to the mile". A character notes some practical difficulties with this map and states that "we now use the country itself, as its own map, and I assure you it does nearly as well". This concept is elaborated in a one-paragraph story by Jorge Luis Borges, generally known in English as "[[On Exactitude in Science]]". | ||
Road maps are perhaps the most widely used maps today, and form a subset of navigational maps, which also include aeronautical and | Road maps are perhaps the most widely used maps today, and form a subset of navigational maps, which also include aeronautical and nautical charts, railroad network maps, and hiking and bicycling maps. In terms of quantity, the largest number of drawn map sheets is probably made up by local surveys, carried out by municipalities, utilities, tax assessors, emergency services providers, and other local agencies. Many national surveying projects have been carried out by the military, such as the British [[Ordnance Survey]] (now a civilian government agency internationally renowned for its comprehensively detailed work). | ||
== Orientation of maps == | == Orientation of maps == | ||
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Maps of the world or large areas are often either 'political' or 'physical'. The most important purpose of the political map is to show territorial borders; the purpose of the physical is to show features of geography such as mountains, soil type or land use. Geological maps show not only the physical surface, but characteristics of the underlying rock, [[Geologic fault|fault]] lines, and subsurface structures. | Maps of the world or large areas are often either 'political' or 'physical'. The most important purpose of the political map is to show territorial borders; the purpose of the physical is to show features of geography such as mountains, soil type or land use. Geological maps show not only the physical surface, but characteristics of the underlying rock, [[Geologic fault|fault]] lines, and subsurface structures. | ||
Maps that depict the surface of the Earth also use a [[map projection|projection]], a way of translating the three-dimensional real surface of the [[geoid]] to a two-dimensional picture. Perhaps the best-known world-map projection is the [[Mercator Projection]], originally designed as a form of | Maps that depict the surface of the Earth also use a [[map projection|projection]], a way of translating the three-dimensional real surface of the [[geoid]] to a two-dimensional picture. Perhaps the best-known world-map projection is the [[Mercator Projection]], originally designed as a form of nautical chart. | ||
Airplane pilots use aeronautical charts based on a [[Lambert conformal conic projection]], in which a cone is laid over the section of the earth to be mapped. The cone intersects the sphere (the earth) at one or two parallels which are chosen as standard lines. This allows the pilots to plot a great-circle route approximation on a flat, two-dimensional chart. | Airplane pilots use aeronautical charts based on a [[Lambert conformal conic projection]], in which a cone is laid over the section of the earth to be mapped. The cone intersects the sphere (the earth) at one or two parallels which are chosen as standard lines. This allows the pilots to plot a great-circle route approximation on a flat, two-dimensional chart. | ||
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*[[Road atlas]] | *[[Road atlas]] | ||
*[[Street map]] | *[[Street map]] | ||
* | *Nautical chart | ||
*[[Cartogram]] | *[[Cartogram]] | ||
*[[Plat]] | *[[Plat]] | ||
