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[[Image:Physical_world.jpg|thumb|333px|right|Physical map of the Earth.]] | [[Image:Physical_world.jpg|thumb|333px|right|Physical map of the Earth.]] | ||
Geographic maps are abstract representations of the world. It is, of course, this abstraction that makes them useful. [[Lewis Carroll]] made this point humorously in ''Sylvie and Bruno'' with his mention of a fictional map that had "the scale of a mile to the mile". A character notes some practical difficulties with this map and states that "we now use the country itself, as its own map, and I assure you it does nearly as well". This concept is elaborated in a one-paragraph story by | Geographic maps are abstract representations of the world. It is, of course, this abstraction that makes them useful. [[Lewis Carroll]] made this point humorously in ''Sylvie and Bruno'' with his mention of a fictional map that had "the scale of a mile to the mile". A character notes some practical difficulties with this map and states that "we now use the country itself, as its own map, and I assure you it does nearly as well". This concept is elaborated in a one-paragraph story by Jorge Luis Borges, generally known in English as "[[On Exactitude in Science]]". | ||
Road maps are perhaps the most widely used maps today, and form a subset of navigational maps, which also include aeronautical and | Road maps are perhaps the most widely used maps today, and form a subset of navigational maps, which also include aeronautical and nautical charts, railroad network maps, and hiking and bicycling maps. In terms of quantity, the largest number of drawn map sheets is probably made up by local surveys, carried out by municipalities, utilities, tax assessors, emergency services providers, and other local agencies. Many national surveying projects have been carried out by the military, such as the British [[Ordnance Survey]] (now a civilian government agency internationally renowned for its comprehensively detailed work). | ||
== Orientation of maps == | == Orientation of maps == | ||
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The most common cartographic convention is that [[North]] is at the top of a map. This is far from universal, however: | The most common cartographic convention is that [[North]] is at the top of a map. This is far from universal, however: | ||
* | *Polar maps of the Arctic or [[Antarctic]] regions are conventionally centered on the pole, making "north is up" meaningless. | ||
*Azimuthal or Gnomonic projections are often used in planning air routes, centered on specific origin points. | *Azimuthal or Gnomonic projections are often used in planning air routes, centered on specific origin points. | ||
*[[Richard Edes Harrison]] produced a striking series of maps during and after World War II for [[Fortune magazine]]. These used "bird's eye" projections to emphasize globally strategic "fronts" in the air age, pointing out proximities and barriers not as apparent on a conventional rectangular projection of the world. | *[[Richard Edes Harrison]] produced a striking series of maps during and after World War II for [[Fortune magazine]]. These used "bird's eye" projections to emphasize globally strategic "fronts" in the air age, pointing out proximities and barriers not as apparent on a conventional rectangular projection of the world. | ||
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Maps of the world or large areas are often either 'political' or 'physical'. The most important purpose of the political map is to show territorial borders; the purpose of the physical is to show features of geography such as mountains, soil type or land use. Geological maps show not only the physical surface, but characteristics of the underlying rock, [[Geologic fault|fault]] lines, and subsurface structures. | Maps of the world or large areas are often either 'political' or 'physical'. The most important purpose of the political map is to show territorial borders; the purpose of the physical is to show features of geography such as mountains, soil type or land use. Geological maps show not only the physical surface, but characteristics of the underlying rock, [[Geologic fault|fault]] lines, and subsurface structures. | ||
Maps that depict the surface of the Earth also use a [[map projection|projection]], a way of translating the three-dimensional real surface of the [[geoid]] to a two-dimensional picture. Perhaps the best-known world-map projection is the [[Mercator Projection]], originally designed as a form of | Maps that depict the surface of the Earth also use a [[map projection|projection]], a way of translating the three-dimensional real surface of the [[geoid]] to a two-dimensional picture. Perhaps the best-known world-map projection is the [[Mercator Projection]], originally designed as a form of nautical chart. | ||
Airplane pilots use aeronautical charts based on a [[Lambert conformal conic projection]], in which a cone is laid over the section of the earth to be mapped. The cone intersects the sphere (the earth) at one or two parallels which are chosen as standard lines. This allows the pilots to plot a great-circle route approximation on a flat, two-dimensional chart. | Airplane pilots use aeronautical charts based on a [[Lambert conformal conic projection]], in which a cone is laid over the section of the earth to be mapped. The cone intersects the sphere (the earth) at one or two parallels which are chosen as standard lines. This allows the pilots to plot a great-circle route approximation on a flat, two-dimensional chart. | ||
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Even when GIS is not involved, most cartographers now use a variety of computer graphics programs to generate new maps. | Even when GIS is not involved, most cartographers now use a variety of computer graphics programs to generate new maps. | ||
Interactive, computerised maps are commercially available, allowing users to ''zoom in'' or ''zoom out'' (respectively meaning to increase or decrease the scale), sometimes by replacing one map with another of different scale, centred where possible on the same point. In-car [[ | Interactive, computerised maps are commercially available, allowing users to ''zoom in'' or ''zoom out'' (respectively meaning to increase or decrease the scale), sometimes by replacing one map with another of different scale, centred where possible on the same point. In-car [[satellite navigation]] systems are computerised maps with route-planning and advice facilities which monitor the user's position with the help of satellites. | ||
From the computer scientist's point of view, zooming in entails one or a combination of: | From the computer scientist's point of view, zooming in entails one or a combination of: | ||
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*(2) may apply to text and (3) to the outline of a map feature such as a forest or building. | *(2) may apply to text and (3) to the outline of a map feature such as a forest or building. | ||
*(1) may apply to the text (displaying labels for more features), while (2) applies to the rest of the image. Text is not necessarily enlarged when zooming in. Similarly, a road represented by a double line may or may not become wider when one zooms in. | *(1) may apply to the text (displaying labels for more features), while (2) applies to the rest of the image. Text is not necessarily enlarged when zooming in. Similarly, a road represented by a double line may or may not become wider when one zooms in. | ||
*The map may also have layers which are partly [[raster graphics]] and partly | *The map may also have layers which are partly [[raster graphics]] and partly vector graphics. For a single raster graphics image (2) applies until the pixels in the image file correspond to the pixels of the display, thereafter (3) applies. | ||
See also [[Webpage#Graphics|Webpage (Graphics)]], [[Portable Document Format#Layers|PDF (Layers)]], [[Mapquest]], [[Google Maps]], Google Earth or [[Yahoo! Maps]]. | See also [[Webpage#Graphics|Webpage (Graphics)]], [[Portable Document Format#Layers|PDF (Layers)]], [[Mapquest]], [[Google Maps]], Google Earth or [[Yahoo! Maps]]. | ||
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*[[History of cartography]] | *[[History of cartography]] | ||
*Geography | *Geography | ||
* | *Atlas | ||
*[[Ancient world maps]] | *[[Ancient world maps]] | ||
*Globe | *Globe | ||
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*[[Dymaxion map]] | *[[Dymaxion map]] | ||
*[[Road atlas]] | *[[Road atlas]] | ||
* | *Street map | ||
* | *Nautical chart | ||
*[[Cartogram]] | *[[Cartogram]] | ||
*[[Plat]] | *[[Plat]] | ||
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* [http://www.flourish.org/upsidedownmap/ The Upsidedown Map Page] Pictures and info about maps which are oriented without North at the top | * [http://www.flourish.org/upsidedownmap/ The Upsidedown Map Page] Pictures and info about maps which are oriented without North at the top | ||
* [http://www.citoplan.nl/citoplan/img/legenda_groot.gif Example of map legends (Cito-Plan city maps)] | * [http://www.citoplan.nl/citoplan/img/legenda_groot.gif Example of map legends (Cito-Plan city maps)] | ||
* [ | * [[wp-en:Wikipedia:Maps|Wikipedia:Maps]], use of maps on [[Wikipedia]] | ||
* [http://slashgeo.org slashgeo.org] - Community-driven and ad-free website for news and discussions about Maps and Geospatial technologies | * [http://slashgeo.org slashgeo.org] - Community-driven and ad-free website for news and discussions about Maps and Geospatial technologies | ||
* [http://www.newyorker.com/fact/content/articles/060424fa_fact/ Getting There] Article on Online Maps from The New Yorker | * [http://www.newyorker.com/fact/content/articles/060424fa_fact/ Getting There] Article on Online Maps from The New Yorker | ||
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[[gl:Mapa]] | [[gl:Mapa]] | ||
[[ko:지도]] | [[ko:지도]] | ||
hr:Karta | |||
id:Peta | id:Peta | ||
[[he:מפה]] | [[he:מפה]] | ||
lb:Landkaart | |||
[[ml:ഭൂപടം]] | [[ml:ഭൂപടം]] | ||
no:Kart | no:Kart | ||
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[[zh:地图]] | [[zh:地图]] | ||
[[zh-classical:地圖]] | [[zh-classical:地圖]] | ||
[[Category:Hiking equipment]] | [[Category:Hiking equipment]] | ||
[[ar:خريطة]] | |||
[[da:Kort]] | |||
[[de:Karte]] | [[de:Karte]] | ||
[[fi:Kartta]] | [[fi:Kartta]] | ||
[[fr:Carte]] | [[fr:Carte]] | ||
[[nl: | [[it:Carta topografica]] | ||
[[nl:Topografische kaart]] | |||
[[sv:Karta]] | [[sv:Karta]] | ||
