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Global Positioning System: Difference between revisions
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=== GPS modernization === | === GPS modernization === | ||
{{main|GPS modernization}} | {{main|GPS modernization}} | ||
Having reached Fully Operational Capability on [[July 17]], [[1995]],<ref>http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/gps/geninfo/global.htm</ref> the GPS completed its original design goals. However, additional advances in technology and new demands on the existing system led to the effort to "modernize" the GPS system. Announcements from the Vice Presidential and the White House in 1998 heralded the beginning of these changes and in 2000, the U.S. Congress reaffirmed the effort; referred to it as '''GPS III'''. | Having reached Fully Operational Capability on [[July 17]], [[1995]],<ref>[http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/gps/geninfo/global.htm Home | Navigation Center<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> the GPS completed its original design goals. However, additional advances in technology and new demands on the existing system led to the effort to "modernize" the GPS system. Announcements from the Vice Presidential and the White House in 1998 heralded the beginning of these changes and in 2000, the U.S. Congress reaffirmed the effort; referred to it as '''GPS III'''. | ||
The project aims to improve the accuracy and availability for all users and involves new ground stations, new satellites, and four additional navigation signals. New civilian signals are called '''L2C''', '''L5''' and '''L1C'''; the new military code is called '''M-Code'''. A goal of 2013 has been established with incentives offered to the contractors if they can complete it by 2011. | The project aims to improve the accuracy and availability for all users and involves new ground stations, new satellites, and four additional navigation signals. New civilian signals are called '''L2C''', '''L5''' and '''L1C'''; the new military code is called '''M-Code'''. A goal of 2013 has been established with incentives offered to the contractors if they can complete it by 2011. | ||
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*'''Aircraft''' navigation systems usually display a "moving map" and are often connected to the [[autopilot]] for en-route navigation. Cockpit-mounted GPS receivers and [[glass cockpit]]s are appearing in [[general aviation]] aircraft of all sizes, using technologies such as [[WAAS]] or [[LAAS]] to increase accuracy. Many of these systems may be certified for [[instrument flight rules]] navigation, and some can also be used for final approach and landing operations. [[Glider]] pilots use [[GNSS Flight Recorders]] to log GPS data verifying their arrival at turn points in [[gliding competitions]]. Flight computers installed in many gliders also use GPS to compute wind speed aloft, and glide paths to [[waypoint]]s such as alternate airports or mountain passes, to aid en route decision making for cross-country [[soaring]]. | *'''Aircraft''' navigation systems usually display a "moving map" and are often connected to the [[autopilot]] for en-route navigation. Cockpit-mounted GPS receivers and [[glass cockpit]]s are appearing in [[general aviation]] aircraft of all sizes, using technologies such as [[WAAS]] or [[LAAS]] to increase accuracy. Many of these systems may be certified for [[instrument flight rules]] navigation, and some can also be used for final approach and landing operations. [[Glider]] pilots use [[GNSS Flight Recorders]] to log GPS data verifying their arrival at turn points in [[gliding competitions]]. Flight computers installed in many gliders also use GPS to compute wind speed aloft, and glide paths to [[waypoint]]s such as alternate airports or mountain passes, to aid en route decision making for cross-country [[soaring]]. | ||
*'''[[Boat]]s and [[ship]]s''' can use GPS to navigate all of the world's lakes, seas and oceans. Maritime GPS units include functions useful on water, such as “man overboard” (MOB) functions that allow instantly marking the location where a person has fallen overboard, which simplifies rescue efforts. GPS may be connected to the ships [[self-steering gear]] and [[Chartplotter]]s using the [[NMEA | *'''[[Boat]]s and [[ship]]s''' can use GPS to navigate all of the world's lakes, seas and oceans. Maritime GPS units include functions useful on water, such as “man overboard” (MOB) functions that allow instantly marking the location where a person has fallen overboard, which simplifies rescue efforts. GPS may be connected to the ships [[self-steering gear]] and [[Chartplotter]]s using the [[NMEA]] 0183 interface. GPS can also improve the security of shipping traffic by enabling [[Automatic Identification System|AIS]]. | ||
*'''Heavy Equipment''' can use GPS in construction, mining and [[precision agriculture]]. The blades and buckets of construction equipment are controlled automatically in GPS-based [[machine guidance]] systems. Agricultural equipment may use GPS to steer automatically, or as a visual aid displayed on a screen for the driver. This is very useful for controlled traffic and row crop operations and when spraying. Harvesters with yield monitors can also use GPS to create a yield map of the paddock being harvested. | *'''Heavy Equipment''' can use GPS in construction, mining and [[precision agriculture]]. The blades and buckets of construction equipment are controlled automatically in GPS-based [[machine guidance]] systems. Agricultural equipment may use GPS to steer automatically, or as a visual aid displayed on a screen for the driver. This is very useful for controlled traffic and row crop operations and when spraying. Harvesters with yield monitors can also use GPS to create a yield map of the paddock being harvested. | ||
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One GPS developer, [[Roger L. Easton]], received the [[National Medal of Technology]] on [[February 13]] [[2006]] at the White House.<ref>[[United States Naval Research Laboratory]]. [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2005-11/nrl-par112205.php National Medal of Technology for GPS]. [[November 21]], [[2005]]</ref> | One GPS developer, [[Roger L. Easton]], received the [[National Medal of Technology]] on [[February 13]] [[2006]] at the White House.<ref>[[United States Naval Research Laboratory]]. [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2005-11/nrl-par112205.php National Medal of Technology for GPS]. [[November 21]], [[2005]]</ref> | ||
On [[February 10]], [[1993]], the [[National Aeronautic Association]] selected the Global Positioning System Team as winners of the 1992 [[Collier Trophy|Robert J. Collier Trophy]], the most prestigious aviation award in the United States. This team consists of researchers from the [[Naval Research Laboratory]], the U.S. Air Force, the [[Aerospace Corporation]], [[Rockwell International | On [[February 10]], [[1993]], the [[National Aeronautic Association]] selected the Global Positioning System Team as winners of the 1992 [[Collier Trophy|Robert J. Collier Trophy]], the most prestigious aviation award in the United States. This team consists of researchers from the [[Naval Research Laboratory]], the U.S. Air Force, the [[Aerospace Corporation]], [[Rockwell International]] Corporation, and [[IBM]] Federal Systems Company. The citation accompanying the presentation of the trophy honors the GPS Team "for the most significant development for safe and efficient navigation and surveillance of air and spacecraft since the introduction of radio navigation 50 years ago." | ||
== Other systems == | == Other systems == | ||
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{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
<!--See [[Wikipedia:Footnotes]] for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the <ref(erences/)> tags--> | <!--See [[Wikipedia:Footnotes]] for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the <ref(erences/)> tags--> | ||
<references /> | |||
== External links == | == External links == | ||
