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Folke Bernadotte: Difference between revisions
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==== First proposal ==== | ==== First proposal ==== | ||
On 28 June 1948, Bernadotte submitted his first formal proposal in secret to the various parties. It suggested that Palestine and Transjordan be reformed as "a Union, comprising two Members, one Arab and one Jewish." He wrote that: "in putting forward any proposal for the solution of the Palestine problem, one must bear in mind the aspirations of the Jews, the political difficulties and differences of opinion of the Arab leaders, the strategic interests of Great Britain, the financial commitment of the United States and the Soviet Union, the outcome of the war, and finally the authority and prestige of the United Nations.<ref>Bernadotte, Folke. ''To Jerusalem'', Hodder & Stoughton, 1951, pp. 114–115; full report at [http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/ea66369daf3be7e88025649e004395c8!OpenDocument] UN Doc S.863 | On 28 June 1948, Bernadotte submitted his first formal proposal in secret to the various parties. It suggested that Palestine and Transjordan be reformed as "a Union, comprising two Members, one Arab and one Jewish." He wrote that: "in putting forward any proposal for the solution of the Palestine problem, one must bear in mind the aspirations of the Jews, the political difficulties and differences of opinion of the Arab leaders, the strategic interests of Great Britain, the financial commitment of the United States and the Soviet Union, the outcome of the war, and finally the authority and prestige of the United Nations.<ref>Bernadotte, Folke. ''To Jerusalem'', Hodder & Stoughton, 1951, pp. 114–115; full report at [http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/ea66369daf3be7e88025649e004395c8!OpenDocument] UN Doc S.863 </ref> | ||
As far as the boundaries of the two Members were concerned, Bernadotte thought that the following "might be worthy of consideration."<ref>Bernadotte, Folke. ''To Jerusalem'', Hodder & Stoughton, 1951, pp. 129–131; full report at [http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/ab14d4aafc4e1bb985256204004f55fa!OpenDocument&Highlight=0,Bernadotte,progress] | As far as the boundaries of the two Members were concerned, Bernadotte thought that the following "might be worthy of consideration."<ref>Bernadotte, Folke. ''To Jerusalem'', Hodder & Stoughton, 1951, pp. 129–131; full report at [http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/ab14d4aafc4e1bb985256204004f55fa!OpenDocument&Highlight=0,Bernadotte,progress] </ref> | ||
# Inclusion of the whole or part of the [[Negev]] in Arab territory. | # Inclusion of the whole or part of the [[Negev]] in Arab territory. | ||
# Inclusion of the whole or part of [[Western Galilee]] in the Jewish territory. | # Inclusion of the whole or part of [[Western Galilee]] in the Jewish territory. | ||
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==== Second proposal ==== | ==== Second proposal ==== | ||
After the unsuccessful first proposal, Bernadotte continued with a more complex proposal that abandoned the idea of a Union and proposed two independent states. This proposal was completed on 16 September 1948, and had as its basis seven "basic premises" (verbatim):<ref>[http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/ab14d4aafc4e1bb985256204004f55fa!OpenDocument&Highlight=0,Bernadotte,progress Bernadotte, Folke. ''To Jerusalem'', pp. 238–239; full report at] | After the unsuccessful first proposal, Bernadotte continued with a more complex proposal that abandoned the idea of a Union and proposed two independent states. This proposal was completed on 16 September 1948, and had as its basis seven "basic premises" (verbatim):<ref>[http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/ab14d4aafc4e1bb985256204004f55fa!OpenDocument&Highlight=0,Bernadotte,progress Bernadotte, Folke. ''To Jerusalem'', pp. 238–239; full report at] </ref> | ||
# Peace must return to Palestine and every feasible measure should be taken to ensure that hostilities will not be resumed and that harmonious relations between Arab and Jew will ultimately be restored. | # Peace must return to Palestine and every feasible measure should be taken to ensure that hostilities will not be resumed and that harmonious relations between Arab and Jew will ultimately be restored. | ||
# A Jewish State called Israel exists in Palestine and there are no sound reasons for assuming that it will not continue to do so. | # A Jewish State called Israel exists in Palestine and there are no sound reasons for assuming that it will not continue to do so. | ||
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[[File:Yellin-Mor & Shmuleiwitz released.jpg|thumb|widthpx|Nathan Yellin-Mor (center) and Matityahu Shmueliwitz in front of the Acre prison, after their release in 1949]] | [[File:Yellin-Mor & Shmuleiwitz released.jpg|thumb|widthpx|Nathan Yellin-Mor (center) and Matityahu Shmueliwitz in front of the Acre prison, after their release in 1949]] | ||
The following day the [[United Nations Security Council]] condemned the killing of Bernadotte as "a cowardly act which appears to have been committed by a criminal group of terrorists in Jerusalem while the United Nations representative was fulfilling his peace-seeking mission in the Holy Land."<ref>[http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/d744b47860e5c97e85256c40005d01d6/48c06a0c497863f1852560c2005beb32!OpenDocument Security Council 57 (1948)] Resolution of 18 September 1948. | The following day the [[United Nations Security Council]] condemned the killing of Bernadotte as "a cowardly act which appears to have been committed by a criminal group of terrorists in Jerusalem while the United Nations representative was fulfilling his peace-seeking mission in the Holy Land."<ref>[http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/d744b47860e5c97e85256c40005d01d6/48c06a0c497863f1852560c2005beb32!OpenDocument Security Council 57 (1948)] Resolution of 18 September 1948. </ref> After his death, Bernadotte's body was returned to Sweden, where the state funeral was attended by [[Abba Eban]] on behalf of Israel. Folke was survived by a widow and two sons, a 12 year old and a 17 year old. He was buried at the [[Norra begravningsplatsen|Northern Cemetery]] in Stockholm.<ref>[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=8408 Folke Bernadotte (1895–1948) – Find A Grave Memorial]</ref> | ||
Lehi leaders initially denied responsibility for the attack.<ref name="sdc">{{cite news|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=ddB7do2jUx8C&dat=19480918&printsec=frontpage|title=Jews launch great manhunt|date=1945-09-18|publisher=Spokane Daily Chronicle|accessdate=23 April 2010}}</ref> Later Lehi took responsibility for the killings in the name of ''Hazit Hamoledet'' (The National Front), a name they copied from a war-time Bulgarian resistance group.<ref>Heller, Joseph. ''The Stern Gang; Ideology, Politics and Terror'' 1940–1949. Frank Cass 1995 ISBN 978-0-7146-4106-5, pp. 252–253. For the text of the announcement, see: Stanger, C.D. [http://www.jstor.org/pss/4327737 A haunting legacy: The assassination of Count Bernadotte.] ''Middle East Journal'', vol. 42, 1988, pp 260–272.</ref> The group regarded Bernadotte as a stooge of the British and their Arab allies, and therefore as a serious threat to the emerging state of Israel.<ref>Heller, pp, 239–255.</ref> Most immediately, a truce was currently in force and Lehi feared that the Israeli leadership would agree to Bernadotte's peace proposals, which they considered disastrous.<ref>Heller, ''passim''.</ref><ref>Ben-Yehuda, Nachman. ''Political Assassinations by Jews''. SUNY Press 1993 ISBN 978-0-7914-1165-0, pp. 267–274.</ref> They did not know that the Israeli leaders had already decided to reject Bernadotte's plans and take the military option.<ref>Ilan, Amitzur. ''Bernadotte in Palestine''. MacMillan 1989 ISBN 978-0-333-47274-3, pp. 200–201.</ref><ref>Shamir, ''loc. cit.'', p. 241.</ref> | Lehi leaders initially denied responsibility for the attack.<ref name="sdc">{{cite news|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=ddB7do2jUx8C&dat=19480918&printsec=frontpage|title=Jews launch great manhunt|date=1945-09-18|publisher=Spokane Daily Chronicle|accessdate=23 April 2010}}</ref> Later Lehi took responsibility for the killings in the name of ''Hazit Hamoledet'' (The National Front), a name they copied from a war-time Bulgarian resistance group.<ref>Heller, Joseph. ''The Stern Gang; Ideology, Politics and Terror'' 1940–1949. Frank Cass 1995 ISBN 978-0-7146-4106-5, pp. 252–253. For the text of the announcement, see: Stanger, C.D. [http://www.jstor.org/pss/4327737 A haunting legacy: The assassination of Count Bernadotte.] ''Middle East Journal'', vol. 42, 1988, pp 260–272.</ref> The group regarded Bernadotte as a stooge of the British and their Arab allies, and therefore as a serious threat to the emerging state of Israel.<ref>Heller, pp, 239–255.</ref> Most immediately, a truce was currently in force and Lehi feared that the Israeli leadership would agree to Bernadotte's peace proposals, which they considered disastrous.<ref>Heller, ''passim''.</ref><ref>Ben-Yehuda, Nachman. ''Political Assassinations by Jews''. SUNY Press 1993 ISBN 978-0-7914-1165-0, pp. 267–274.</ref> They did not know that the Israeli leaders had already decided to reject Bernadotte's plans and take the military option.<ref>Ilan, Amitzur. ''Bernadotte in Palestine''. MacMillan 1989 ISBN 978-0-333-47274-3, pp. 200–201.</ref><ref>Shamir, ''loc. cit.'', p. 241.</ref> | ||
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== References == | == References == | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
<references /> | |||
== Bibliography == | == Bibliography == | ||
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[[id:Folke Bernadotte]] | [[id:Folke Bernadotte]] | ||
[[he:פולקה ברנדוט]] | [[he:פולקה ברנדוט]] | ||
[[no:Folke Bernadotte]] | [[no:Folke Bernadotte]] | ||
[[nn:Folke Bernadotte]] | [[nn:Folke Bernadotte]] | ||
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[[Category:Counts of Wisborg]] | [[Category:Counts of Wisborg]] | ||
[[da:Folke Bernadotte]] | |||
[[fi:Folke Bernadotte]] | [[fi:Folke Bernadotte]] | ||
[[fr:Folke Bernadotte]] | [[fr:Folke Bernadotte]] | ||
[[nl:Folke Bernadotte]] | [[nl:Folke Bernadotte]] | ||
